Rudnev Maksim, Vauclair Christin-Melanie
National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.
Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS-IUL, Lisbon, Portugal.
Front Psychol. 2018 Aug 7;9:1379. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01379. eCollection 2018.
The increasing availability of large cross-national datasets enables researchers to integrate micro and macro levels of relations between human values and behavior. Particularly interesting are interactions between personal and cultural levels which can demonstrate to what extent a specific behavior is affected by individual values and cultural context. In this study, we aimed to shed light on this issue by analyzing data on basic values and drinking behavior from 21 national representative samples of the European Social Survey (2014). The results of multilevel regressions showed that country-level effects of Openness to Change (vs. Conservation) or Self-Transcendence (vs. Self-Enhancement) were not significantly related to frequency of drinking. As expected, individual-level Openness to Change (vs. Conservation) was consistently positively related to drinking frequency, whereas Self-Transcendence (vs. Self-Enhancement) was not. Contrary to our hypothesis, there was a positive association between personal Self-Transcendence (vs. Self-Enhancement) values and frequency of drinking in countries putting higher importance on extrinsic motivations (i.e., Conservation or Self-Enhancement values), while this link was less positive or even negative in countries valuing intrinsic motivations (i.e., Openness to Change or Self-Transcendence values). Moreover, a marginally significant interaction between individual- and country-level Openness to Change (vs. Conservation) values supported the same counter-intuitive result. These findings challenge the widespread idea that more conservative societies attenuate the link between personal values and behavior. In contrast, self-affirmation and cultural rewards theories, as well as culture-specific value instantiations, may explain these results. This study shows that the value-behavior link differs across cultures, yet in a more complex way than was assumed so far. This opens up new possibilities for research on values and behavior in a cross-cultural context.
大型跨国数据集越来越容易获取，这使得研究人员能够整合人类价值观与行为之间微观和宏观层面的关系。个人层面与文化层面之间的相互作用尤其有趣，它们可以表明特定行为在多大程度上受到个人价值观和文化背景的影响。在本研究中，我们旨在通过分析欧洲社会调查（2014年）21个国家代表性样本中关于基本价值观和饮酒行为的数据来阐明这一问题。多层次回归结果表明，国家层面的开放性变革（相对于保守）或自我超越（相对于自我提升）效应与饮酒频率没有显著关联。正如预期的那样，个人层面的开放性变革（相对于保守）与饮酒频率始终呈正相关，而自我超越（相对于自我提升）则不然。与我们的假设相反，在更重视外在动机（即保守或自我提升价值观）的国家，个人自我超越（相对于自我提升）价值观与饮酒频率之间存在正相关，而在重视内在动机（即开放性变革或自我超越价值观）的国家，这种联系则不太积极甚至为负。此外，个人层面与国家层面的开放性变革（相对于保守）价值观之间的微弱显著交互作用支持了同样违反直觉的结果。这些发现挑战了一种普遍观点，即更保守的社会会削弱个人价值观与行为之间的联系。相比之下，自我肯定和文化奖励理论以及特定文化的价值实例化可能解释这些结果。本研究表明，价值观与行为之间的联系因文化而异，但比迄今为止所设想的更加复杂。这为跨文化背景下的价值观与行为研究开辟了新的可能性。
