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超越摩尔定律:计算机、基因组学与对创新的接纳

More than Moore's Mores: Computers, Genomics, and the Embrace of Innovation.

作者信息

November Joseph

机构信息

Department of History, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.

出版信息

J Hist Biol. 2018 Dec;51(4):807-840. doi: 10.1007/s10739-018-9539-6.

Abstract

The genomics community has frequently compared advances in sequencing to advances in microelectronics. Lately there have been many claims, including by the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), that genomics is outpacing developments in computing as measured by Moore's law - the notion that computers double in processing capability per dollar spent every 18-24 months. Celebrations of the "$1000 genome" and other speed-related sequencing milestones might be dismissed as a distraction from genomics' slowness in delivering clinical breakthroughs, but the fact that such celebrations have been persistently encouraged by the NHGRI reveals a great deal about the priorities and expectations of the American general public, the intended audience of the genomics-computing comparison. By delving into the history of speculative thinking about sequencing and computing, this article demonstrates just how much more receptive to high-risk/high-payoff ventures the NIH and the general public have become. The article also provides access to some of the roots and consequences of the association of "innovation talk" with genomics, and the means to look past that association to the less glamorous (but arguably much more important) contributions of the NHGRI to building the field of genomics.

摘要

基因组学界经常将测序技术的进步与微电子技术的进步相比较。最近,包括美国国家人类基因组研究所(NHGRI)在内,有许多人声称,按照摩尔定律衡量,基因组学的发展速度超过了计算技术的发展——摩尔定律指的是计算机每花费一美元,其处理能力每18至24个月就会翻一番。对“1000美元基因组”以及其他与速度相关的测序里程碑的庆祝活动,可能会被视为是对基因组学在实现临床突破方面进展缓慢的一种干扰而不予理会,但NHGRI一直鼓励此类庆祝活动这一事实,揭示了作为基因组学与计算技术比较目标受众的美国普通公众的诸多优先事项和期望。通过深入探究关于测序和计算的思辨性思考的历史,本文展示了美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)和普通公众对高风险/高回报项目的接受程度究竟提高了多少。本文还探讨了“创新言论”与基因组学关联的一些根源和影响,并提供了一种方法,让人们能够透过这种关联,看到NHGRI在构建基因组学领域方面那些不那么引人瞩目(但可以说更为重要)的贡献。

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