a Psychology of Language Department , Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics , Nijmegen , the Netherlands.
b Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour , Radboud University Nijmegen , Nijmegen , the Netherlands.
Memory. 2019 Mar;27(3):340-352. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2018.1510966. Epub 2018 Aug 24.
The production effect (better memory for words read aloud than words read silently) and the picture superiority effect (better memory for pictures than words) both improve item memory in a picture naming task (Fawcett, J. M., Quinlan, C. K., & Taylor, T. L. (2012). Interplay of the production and picture superiority effects: A signal detection analysis. Memory (Hove, England), 20(7), 655-666. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2012.693510 ). Because picture naming requires coming up with an appropriate label, the generation effect (better memory for generated than read words) may contribute to the latter effect. In two forced-choice memory experiments, we tested the role of generation in a picture naming task on later recognition memory. In Experiment 1, participants named pictures silently or aloud with the correct name or an unreadable label superimposed. We observed a generation effect, a production effect, and an interaction between the two. In Experiment 2, unreliable labels were included to ensure full picture processing in all conditions. In this experiment, we observed a production and a generation effect but no interaction, implying the effects are dissociable. This research demonstrates the separable roles of generation and production in picture naming and their impact on memory. As such, it informs the link between memory and language production and has implications for memory asymmetries between language production and comprehension.
生成效应（大声朗读单词的记忆优于默读单词的记忆）和图片优势效应（图片的记忆优于单词的记忆）都能提高图片命名任务中的项目记忆（Fawcett，J.M.，Quinlan，C.K.，& Taylor，T.L.（2012）。产生效应和图片优势效应的相互作用：信号检测分析。记忆（霍夫，英格兰），20（7），655-666。doi：10.1080/09658211.2012.693510）。因为图片命名需要想出一个合适的标签，所以生成效应（生成的单词比阅读的单词记忆更好）可能有助于后者的效果。在两个强制选择记忆实验中，我们测试了在图片命名任务中生成在后来的识别记忆中的作用。在实验 1 中，参与者用正确的名称或叠加的不可读标签无声或大声地命名图片。我们观察到生成效应、产生效应以及两者之间的相互作用。在实验 2 中，包括不可靠的标签以确保在所有条件下都能充分处理图片。在这个实验中，我们观察到了产生和生成效应，但没有相互作用，这意味着这些效应是可分离的。这项研究证明了生成和产生在图片命名中的可分离作用及其对记忆的影响。因此，它为记忆和语言产生之间的联系提供了信息，并对语言产生和理解之间的记忆不对称性产生了影响。
