Department of Counseling, Higher Education, and Special Education, University of Maryland, College Park.
Graduate Program in Counseling, University of Vermont.
J Couns Psychol. 2018 Oct;65(5):539-555. doi: 10.1037/cou0000302. Epub 2018 Aug 30.
Critical consciousness (CC) has been heralded as an antidote to oppression. Developed by the Brazilian educator, Paulo Freire, CC represents the process by which individuals gain awareness of societal inequities and subsequently take action to dismantle the systems and institutions that sustain them. Empirically supported instruments intended to assess this important construct have only been recently introduced to the literature and have focused specifically on racism, classism, and heterosexism. The purpose of this project was to develop a psychometrically sound measure of CC that expands assessment into sexism, cissexism (genderism/transphobia), and ableism. Two studies with a total of 569 observations provided initial reliability and validity evidence on the Contemporary Critical Consciousness Measure II (CCCMII). Results from exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses suggest that the final 37-item CCCMII provides a general index of CC as well as assesses CC associated with sexism and ableism above and beyond the general factor. Results support the internal consistency and factor structure of the measure. Expected relationships between the CCCMII and existing measures of sexism, cissexism, and ableism provide evidence for the validity of the instrument. Limitations, future directions for research, and counseling implications are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
批判意识（CC）被视为对抗压迫的一种手段。它由巴西教育家保罗·弗莱雷（Paulo Freire）提出，代表了个人意识到社会不公正并采取行动来打破维持这些不公正的系统和机构的过程。最近才在文献中引入了用于评估这一重要结构的经验支持工具，这些工具专门针对种族主义、阶级主义和异性恋主义。本项目旨在开发一种具有良好心理测量学特性的 CC 评估工具，将评估扩展到性别主义、顺性别主义（性别歧视/恐跨）和能力主义。共有 569 次观察的两项研究提供了当代批判意识量表 II（CCCMII）的初步信度和效度证据。探索性和验证性因素分析的结果表明，最终的 37 项 CCCMII 提供了 CC 的综合指标，并评估了性别主义和能力主义相关的 CC，超出了一般因素。研究结果支持该工具的内部一致性和因素结构。CCCMII 与现有性别主义、顺性别主义和能力主义测量之间的预期关系为该工具的有效性提供了证据。讨论了限制因素、未来研究方向和咨询意义。（PsycINFO 数据库记录（c）2018 APA，保留所有权利）。
