Laboratoire de Psychologie des Cognitions (LPC-EA4440), Faculté de Psychologie, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue Goethe, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
SCALab (UMR CNRS 9193), Université de Lille, rue du Barreau, 59653, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
Psychon Bull Rev. 2019 Feb;26(1):353-359. doi: 10.3758/s13423-018-1518-6.
Previous research has reported that lexical access in bilinguals is language non-selective. In the present study, we explored the extent to which cross-language orthographic neighborhood size (N-size) effects, an index of language non-selectivity, should be dissociated from markedness effects, a sub-lexical orthographic variable referring to the degree of language- shared (unmarked) versus specific (marked) orthography. Two proficiency groups of French/English bilinguals performed an English (L2) lexical decision task with three word and non-word conditions: (1) English words with large French N-size/unmarked orthography (price), (2) small French N-size/unmarked orthography (drive), and (3) small French N-size/marked orthography (write). Evidence was found for orthographic markedness effects, albeit with a different pattern for word and non-word processing: while marked words were facilitated (responded to faster and more accurately) compared to unmarked words, the opposite pattern emerged for non-words. The pattern of results was comparable in both proficiency groups. No evidence emerged for the influence of first language (L1) neighborhood on L2 word or non-word processing. Thus, the results emphasize the need to integrate orthographic markedness as a relevant psycholinguistic variable in bilingual models of visual word recognition such as BIA/+ and to take it into account when investigating cross- language effects and the issue of language non-selectivity during visual word recognition.
先前的研究报告表明，双语者的词汇通达是非语言选择性的。在本研究中，我们探讨了跨语言正字法邻近大小（N-size）效应（语言非选择性的一个指标）与标记效应（一个亚词汇正字法变量，指语言共享的程度（无标记）与特定（有标记）正字法之间的差异）在多大程度上应该分离。两个法语/英语双语者熟练程度组执行了一项英语（L2）词汇判断任务，有三个单词和非单词条件：（1）具有大的法语 N-size/无标记正字法的英语单词（price），（2）小的法语 N-size/无标记正字法的英语单词（drive），和（3）小的法语 N-size/有标记正字法的英语单词（write）。尽管在单词和非单词处理方面存在不同的模式，但有证据表明存在正字法标记效应：有标记的单词比无标记的单词处理更快、更准确），而非单词则出现相反的模式。这一结果模式在两个熟练程度组中都是可比的。没有证据表明第一语言（L1）邻近对 L2 单词或非单词处理有影响。因此，结果强调了在双语视觉词汇识别模型（如 BIA/+）中整合正字法标记作为一个相关的心理语言学变量的必要性，并在研究跨语言效应和视觉词汇识别中的语言非选择性问题时考虑到这一点。
