Unit of Environmental Chemistry and Interactions with Life, UCEIV EA4492, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, University of the Littoral Opal Coast, F-59140 Dunkerque, France.
Unit of Environmental Chemistry and Interactions with Life, UCEIV EA4492, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, University of the Littoral Opal Coast, F-59140 Dunkerque, France.
J Environ Sci (China). 2018 Sep;71:56-66. doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.03.030. Epub 2018 Apr 4.
The influence of in-port ship emissions on gases and PM concentrations has been estimated in the port city of Calais, northern France, one of the busiest harbor in Europe, with numerous rotations of ferries or roll-on/roll-off cargo in average per day. NO, SO, O and PM concentrations were continuously measured over a three-month period, as well as real-time particle size distribution. A rural site located at Cape Gris-Nez, 20km from Calais, was considered to deduce intrinsic contribution of ship emissions at the harbor city. The average concentrations of the studied species as well as the pattern of the conditional bivariate probability function at the two sites evidenced that in-port shipping, especially during the maneuvering operations, has an important influence on the NO and SO concentrations. The impact of shipping in the harbor of Calais on average concentrations was estimated to 51% for SO, 35% for NO, 15% for NO and 2% for PM in the studied period. Concentration peaks of SO and NOx associated with an O depletion appeared synchronized with departures and arrivals of ferries. For winds blowing from the harbor, when compared to the background level, the number of particles appeared 10 times higher, with the highest differences in the 30-67nm and the 109-167nm size ranges. The average impact of in-port ships on PM concentrations was estimated to +28.9μg/m and concerned mainly the PM size fraction (40%). Punctually, PM can potentially reach a concentration value close to 100μg/m.
法国北部港口城市加莱（Calais）是欧洲最繁忙的港口之一，每天有大量渡轮或滚装/滚卸货物进出，其港口船舶排放对气体和 PM 浓度的影响已被估算。NO、SO、O 和 PM 浓度在三个月的时间内进行了连续测量，同时还实时测量了粒子尺寸分布。一个位于加莱 20 公里处的格里斯-尼兹海角（Cape Gris-Nez）的农村站点被认为可以推断出港口城市港口船舶排放的固有贡献。在两个站点测量的研究物种的平均浓度以及条件二元概率函数的模式表明，港口内船舶运输，尤其是在操纵作业期间，对 NO 和 SO 浓度有重要影响。在研究期间，航运对加莱港平均浓度的影响估计为 SO 的 51%、NO 的 35%、NO 的 15%和 PM 的 2%。与 O 消耗相关的 SO 和 NOx 浓度峰值与渡轮的离开和到达同步出现。对于从港口吹来的风，与背景水平相比，粒子数量增加了 10 倍，在 30-67nm 和 109-167nm 粒径范围内差异最大。港口内船舶对 PM 浓度的平均影响估计为+28.9μg/m，主要涉及 PM 粒径（40%）。在特定情况下，PM 浓度可能接近 100μg/m。
