Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, 690-756, Republic of Korea.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2014 May;21(10):6612-22. doi: 10.1007/s11356-014-2569-5. Epub 2014 Feb 5.
The emissions of exhaust gases (NOx , SO2, VOCs, and CO2) and particles (e.g., PM) from ships traversing Busan Port in Korea were estimated over three different years (the years 2006, 2008, and 2009). This analysis was performed according to the ship operational modes ("at sea," "maneuvering," and "in port") and ship types based on an activity-based method. The ship emissions for current (base year 2009) and future scenarios (years 2020 and 2050) were also compared. The annual emissions of SO2, VOCs, PM, and CO2 were highest (9.6 × 10(3), 374, 1.2 × 10(3), and 5.6 × 10(5) ton year(-1), respectively) in 2008. In contrast, the annual NO x emissions were highest (11.7 × 10(3) ton year(-1)) in 2006 due mainly to the high NO x emission factor. The emissions of air pollutants for each ship operational mode differed considerably, with the largest emission observed in "in port" mode. In addition, the largest fraction (approximately 45-67%) of the emissions of all air pollutants during the study period was emitted from container ships. The future ship emissions of most pollutants (except for SO2 and PM) in 2020 and 2050 are estimated to be 1.4-1.8 and 4.7-6.1 times higher than those in 2009 (base year), respectively.
韩国釜山港船舶排放的废气（NOx、SO2、VOCs 和 CO2）和颗粒物（如 PM）在三年内（2006 年、2008 年和 2009 年）进行了估算。该分析根据船舶作业模式（“海上”、“机动”和“港口”）和船舶类型，采用基于活动的方法进行。还比较了当前（基年 2009 年）和未来情景（2020 年和 2050 年）的船舶排放量。SO2、VOCs、PM 和 CO2 的年排放量在 2008 年最高（分别为 9.6×103、374、1.2×103 和 5.6×105 吨/年）。相比之下，由于 NOx 排放因子较高，2006 年的年 NOx 排放量最高（11.7×103 吨/年）。每个船舶作业模式的空气污染物排放量差异较大，“港口”模式下的排放量最大。此外，研究期间所有空气污染物排放量的最大份额（约 45-67%）来自集装箱船。预计 2020 年和 2050 年大多数污染物（SO2 和 PM 除外）的未来船舶排放量将比 2009 年（基准年）分别高出 1.4-1.8 和 4.7-6.1 倍。
