Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, Rome, Italy.
Br J Sports Med. 2019 Jan;53(1):37-42. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099530. Epub 2018 Sep 14.
Prevalence of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors has been poorly explored in subjects regularly engaged in high-intensity exercise programmes. Our aim was, therefore, to assess the prevalence and distribution of CV risk factors in a large population of competitive athletes, to derive the characteristics of athlete's lifestyle associated with the best CV profile.
1058 Olympic athletes (656 males, 402 females), consecutively evaluated in the period 2014-2016, represent the study population. Prevalence and distribution of CV risk factors was assessed, in relation to age, body size and sport.
Dyslipidemia was the most common risk (32%), followed by increased waist circumference (25%), positive family history (18%), smoking habit (8%), hypertension (3.8%) and hyperglycaemia (0.3%). Large subset of athletes (418, 40%) had none or 1 (414, 39%) risk factor, while only a few (39, 3.7%) had 3/4 CV risk factors. The group without risks largely comprised endurance athletes (34%). Ageing was associated with higher total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides (p<0.001) and glycaemia (p=0.002) and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, age, BMI and body fat were identified as independent predictors of increased CV risk.
Dyslipidemia and increased waist circumference are common in elite athletes (32% and 25%, respectively). A large proportion (40%) of athletes, mostly endurance, are totally free from risk factors. Only a minority (3%) presents a high CV risk, largely expression of lifestyle and related to modifiable CV risk factors.
心血管（CV）危险因素在经常进行高强度运动计划的受试者中尚未得到充分探讨。因此，我们的目的是评估大量竞技运动员中 CV 危险因素的患病率和分布情况，并得出与最佳 CV 特征相关的运动员生活方式特征。
2014 年至 2016 年期间连续评估的 1058 名奥林匹克运动员（656 名男性，402 名女性）构成了研究人群。评估了 CV 危险因素的患病率和分布情况，与年龄、体型和运动有关。
血脂异常是最常见的风险（32%），其次是腰围增加（25%）、阳性家族史（18%）、吸烟习惯（8%）、高血压（3.8%）和高血糖（0.3%）。大量运动员（418 人，40%）没有或只有 1 个（414 人，39%）危险因素，只有少数（39 人，3.7%）有 3/4 个 CV 危险因素。无风险的运动员主要是耐力运动员（34%）。随着年龄的增长，总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、甘油三酯（p<0.001）和血糖（p=0.002）升高，高密度脂蛋白胆固醇降低。多元逻辑回归分析显示，年龄、BMI 和体脂是 CV 风险增加的独立预测因素。
血脂异常和腰围增加在精英运动员中很常见（分别为 32%和 25%）。很大一部分（40%）的运动员，主要是耐力运动员，完全没有危险因素。只有少数（3%）具有高 CV 风险，主要是生活方式的表现，与可改变的 CV 危险因素有关。
