Siddiqui Humair A, Pickering Kim L, Mucalo Michael R
School of Engineering, Faculty of Science & Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemical & Process Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
Materials (Basel). 2018 Sep 24;11(10):1813. doi: 10.3390/ma11101813.
Biomedical materials constitute a vast scientific research field, which is devoted to producing medical devices which aid in enhancing human life. In this field, there is an enormous demand for long-lasting implants and bone substitutes that avoid rejection issues whilst providing favourable bioactivity, osteoconductivity and robust mechanical properties. Hydroxyapatite (HAp)-based biomaterials possess a close chemical resemblance to the mineral phase of bone, which give rise to their excellent biocompatibility, so allowing for them to serve the purpose of a bone-substituting and osteoconductive scaffold. The biodegradability of HAp is low (Ksp ≈ 6.62 × 10) as compared to other calcium phosphates materials, however they are known for their ability to develop bone-like apatite coatings on their surface for enhanced bone bonding. Despite its favourable bone regeneration properties, restrictions on the use of pure HAp ceramics in high load-bearing applications exist due to its inherently low mechanical properties (including low strength and fracture toughness, and poor wear resistance). Recent innovations in the field of bio-composites and nanoscience have reignited the investigation of utilising different carbonaceous materials for enhancing the mechanical properties of composites, including HAp-based bio-composites. Researchers have preferred carbonaceous materials with hydroxyapatite due to their inherent biocompatibility and good structural properties. It has been demonstrated that different structures of carbonaceous material can be used to improve the fracture toughness of HAp, as they can easily serve the purpose of being a second phase reinforcement, with the resulting composite still being a biocompatible material. Nanostructured carbonaceous structures, especially those in the form of fibres and sheets, were found to be very effective in increasing the fracture toughness values of HAp. Minor addition of CNTs (3 wt.%) has resulted in a more than 200% increase in fracture toughness of hydroxyapatite-nanorods/CNTs made using spark plasma sintering. This paper presents a current review of the research field of using different carbonaceous materials composited with hydroxyapatite with the intent being to produce high performance biomedically targeted materials.
生物医学材料构成了一个广阔的科研领域，该领域致力于生产有助于改善人类生活的医疗设备。在这个领域，对持久植入物和骨替代物有着巨大需求，这些植入物和替代物要避免排斥问题，同时具备良好的生物活性、骨传导性和强大的机械性能。基于羟基磷灰石（HAp）的生物材料在化学性质上与骨的矿物相极为相似，这使其具有出色的生物相容性，从而能够用作骨替代和骨传导支架。与其他磷酸钙材料相比，HAp的生物降解性较低（溶度积Ksp≈6.62×10），不过它们以能够在其表面形成类骨磷灰石涂层以增强骨结合而闻名。尽管HAp具有良好的骨再生特性，但由于其固有的低机械性能（包括低强度、低断裂韧性和差的耐磨性），在高承载应用中使用纯HAp陶瓷存在限制。生物复合材料和纳米科学领域的最新创新重新点燃了利用不同含碳材料来增强复合材料（包括基于HAp的生物复合材料）机械性能的研究。由于含碳材料固有的生物相容性和良好的结构性能，研究人员更倾向于将其与羟基磷灰石结合使用。已经证明，不同结构的含碳材料可用于提高HAp的断裂韧性，因为它们能够轻松充当第二相增强剂，而所得复合材料仍是生物相容性材料。发现纳米结构的含碳结构，尤其是纤维和片状形式的结构，在提高HAp的断裂韧性值方面非常有效。少量添加碳纳米管（3重量％）已使采用放电等离子烧结制备的羟基磷灰石纳米棒/碳纳米管的断裂韧性提高了200％以上。本文对使用不同含碳材料与羟基磷灰石复合以生产高性能生物医学靶向材料的研究领域进行了综述。
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