Rodrigo Laura, Igoa José M, Sakai Hiromu
Department of Basic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Research Unit of Brain Science of Language, Inference and Thoughts, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
Front Psychol. 2018 Sep 11;9:1573. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01573. eCollection 2018.
Speech planning involves different steps in order to transform a conceptual message into speech. These include establishing structural relations among constituents (i.e., ), and selecting the appropriate lexical items to convey the intended message (). However, the precise way relational and non-relational information are computed when undertaking linguistic encoding is not clear. This paper explores how the pre-linguistic message undergoes linguistic encoding, and what kind of information (relational or non-relational) is prioritized in doing so. We analyze the production planning of Relative Clauses in Spanish (a head-initial language) and Japanese (a head-final language) by monolingual speakers, by means of the eye-tracking method while participants described colored pictures. Although in both Spanish and Japanese the structure under study is the same (with the same syntactic configuration), word order is entirely opposite between both languages. In Japanese, the head noun is not uttered until the end of the clause, thus making it possible to explore sentence planning in a structure where the syntactically most dominant element (the head noun, HN) is not the first element. Variables tested were type of relative clause, with either the agent or the patient as head noun, and the animacy of the agent and the patient of the event, the latter allowing the manipulation of the conceptual saliency of the elements involved. Results showed Japanese speakers focus extensively on the HN before directing their gazes to the element they are going to utter first, suggesting a speech planning process that prioritizes relational information, that is, structural scaffolding. Spanish monolinguals, in turn, showed a pattern in which both structural and linear information appear to be more closely related from the beginning. In both languages, the animacy of isolated elements had little effect on gaze patterns. Results point to a planning process that prioritizes structural relations over access to lexical elements in order in the planning of complex structures, with room for flexibility when the grammar of the language allows so.
言语规划涉及不同步骤，以便将概念性信息转化为言语。这些步骤包括在成分之间建立结构关系（即 ），以及选择合适的词汇项来传达预期信息（）。然而，在进行语言编码时，关系信息和非关系信息的精确计算方式尚不清楚。本文探讨了前语言信息如何进行语言编码，以及在这样做的过程中哪种信息（关系信息或非关系信息）具有优先级。我们通过眼动追踪方法，分析了单语者在描述彩色图片时西班牙语（一种词头在前的语言）和日语（一种词头在后的语言）中关系从句的生成规划。尽管在西班牙语和日语中所研究的结构相同（具有相同的句法配置），但两种语言的词序完全相反。在日语中，中心名词直到从句末尾才会被说出，因此有可能在一种句法上最主要的元素（中心名词，HN）不是第一个元素的结构中探索句子规划。测试的变量包括关系从句的类型，以施事或受事作为中心名词，以及事件中施事和受事的生命性，后者允许对所涉及元素的概念显著性进行操纵。结果表明，日语使用者在将目光转向他们首先要说出的元素之前，会广泛关注中心名词，这表明言语规划过程优先考虑关系信息，即结构框架。反过来，西班牙语单语者表现出一种模式，即结构信息和线性信息从一开始似乎就更紧密相关。在两种语言中，孤立元素的生命性对注视模式影响很小。结果表明，在复杂结构的规划中，规划过程优先考虑结构关系而非词汇元素的顺序获取，并且当语言的语法允许时存在灵活性空间。
