Pluryn, Research and Development, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
REACH Institute, Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
Addiction. 2019 Feb;114(2):326-334. doi: 10.1111/add.14452. Epub 2018 Oct 25.
Despite the link between stress and addictive behavior in adulthood, little is known about how early life stress in families predicts the early emergence of substance use in adolescence. This study tested a developmental cascade model, proposing that early stressful life events and negative parent-child interaction covary, and both disrupt the refinement of inhibitory control, which evolves into problem behavior in middle/late childhood and subsequent substance use exploration in early adolescence.
Data came from the Early Steps Multisite study, a community sample of at-risk families in the metropolitan US areas of Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania), Eugene (Oregon) and Charlottesville (Virginia) with children aged 2 years at the start of the study and 14 years at the last measurement (n = 364). Structural equation modeling was used to test the proposed model.
Early stressful life events and negative parent-child interaction assessed at ages 2-5 were negatively related to inhibitory control at ages 7 and 8. Low levels of inhibitory control were prognostic of childhood problem behavior at ages 9 and 10. Finally, late childhood problem behavior was associated with substance use at age 14. Parental drug use was directly related to substance use at age 14.
Early life stress may disrupt child inhibitory control, which can cascade into behavioral and peer problem behavior in childhood and, in turn, heighten the risk for early adolescent substance use.
尽管压力与成年期成瘾行为之间存在关联，但对于家庭早期生活压力如何预测青少年早期物质使用的出现，知之甚少。本研究检验了一个发展级联模型，该模型提出早期生活压力事件和消极的亲子互动相互作用，两者都破坏了抑制控制的精细化，从而导致儿童中期/后期的问题行为和青少年早期的物质使用探索。
数据来自早期步骤多地点研究，这是美国匹兹堡（宾夕法尼亚州）、尤金（俄勒冈州）和夏洛茨维尔（弗吉尼亚州）大都市地区高危家庭的社区样本，研究开始时儿童年龄为 2 岁，最后一次测量时为 14 岁（n=364）。结构方程模型用于检验所提出的模型。
2-5 岁时评估的早期生活压力事件和消极的亲子互动与 7-8 岁时的抑制控制呈负相关。7-8 岁时较低的抑制控制水平预示着 9-10 岁时的儿童问题行为。最后，儿童晚期的问题行为与 14 岁时的物质使用有关。父母的药物使用与 14 岁时的物质使用直接相关。
早期生活压力可能会破坏儿童的抑制控制，这可能会导致儿童期的行为和同伴问题行为，并进而增加青少年早期物质使用的风险。
