Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2019 Feb;73(2):215-224. doi: 10.1038/s41430-018-0321-9. Epub 2018 Oct 4.
Advances in body composition assessment enable a detailed body composition analyses and the respective organization at different levels. Sports-related professionals are interested in understanding how and which body components are relevant for improving performance, prevent injury risk, and monitor athletic health. The aim of this review is to propose an integrative model that links performance, injury risk, and athletic health with body components, and to report their cross-sectional and longitudinal associations. Cross-sectional studies reveal that endurance athletes with higher fat mass (FM) show a longer race time, whereas a higher fat-free mass benefits power and strength-related tasks. Longitudinal studies indicated that increases in intracellular water, assessed through dilution techniques, were associated with power and strength improvements, independently of weight and lean-soft-tissue changes. There is evidence that athletes involved in weight-sensitive sports restrict energy intake, thus reducing energy availability (EA) and compromising bone health (Female Athlete Triad). To counteract the low EA and related negative energy balance, metabolic adaption (MA) occurs to promote energy conservation. Currently, reference values for body composition assessment using anthropometry and DXA are available for a few sports, according to sex. More research is needed to develop a functional body composition profile according to sports-specific requirements.
人体成分评估的进展使我们能够对人体成分进行详细分析，并在不同层次上进行相应的组织。与运动相关的专业人员感兴趣的是了解哪些身体成分对于提高运动表现、预防受伤风险以及监测运动员健康至关重要，以及这些成分是如何影响运动表现、受伤风险和运动员健康的。本综述旨在提出一个综合模型，将运动表现、受伤风险和运动员健康与身体成分联系起来，并报告它们的横断面和纵向关联。横断面研究表明，脂肪质量（FM）较高的耐力运动员的比赛时间更长，而无脂肪质量较高则有利于力量和与力量相关的任务。纵向研究表明，通过稀释技术评估的细胞内水分增加与力量和力量的提高有关，而与体重和瘦软组织的变化无关。有证据表明，参与体重敏感运动的运动员会限制能量摄入，从而降低能量可用性（EA）并损害骨骼健康（女性运动员三联征）。为了抵消低 EA 和相关的负能量平衡，代谢适应（MA）会发生以促进能量保存。目前，根据性别，使用人体测量法和 DXA 评估人体成分的参考值仅适用于少数运动。需要更多的研究来根据特定运动的要求制定功能性人体成分分析。
