State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018 Dec;25(34):34448-34459. doi: 10.1007/s11356-018-3245-y. Epub 2018 Oct 10.
To reveal the historic characteristics of the material flow, energy flow and value flow in a lead-acid battery (LAB) system, a framework for the coupling relationship among the three flows was established based on material flow analysis and the characteristics of the energy and value flows. The coupling coefficients between energy and material (CCEM) and value and material (CCVM) were also defined. The investigation used by China as a case to study changes in stages and the historic evolution. The results show that the CCEM for lead in LABs was highest in the usage stage, approximately 5-16 times greater than in the other stages. The CCEM for production was almost twice as high for primary lead as for secondary lead, and the CCEM was lowest for the fabrication and product manufacture stage. The CCVM for lead in LABs was 2.5-6 times higher than for other types of lead. The CCVM was lower for scrap lead than for lead ore, and the CCVM was approximately 1.7 times higher for refined lead than for scrap and refined lead. For lead trade, CCVM was correlated with domestic and overseas markets. From 1990 to 2014, the CCEM for each stage was in decline, whereas the opposite was the case for CCVM. The influencing factors were analyzed in terms of resources, the environment, and markets. Increasing the circulation rate of scrap lead is an effective way to rapidly save resources, reduce lead pollution, and promote a circular economy. The limitations and potential value of the study are also highlighted, and future research is outlined.
为揭示铅酸电池（LAB）系统中物质流、能量流和价值流的历史特征，基于物质流分析和能量流、价值流的特点，建立了三者之间耦合关系的框架。同时定义了能量与物质的耦合系数（CCEM）和价值与物质的耦合系数（CCVM）。以中国为案例研究了各阶段的变化和历史演变。结果表明，LAB 中铅的 CCEM 在使用阶段最高，约为其他阶段的 5-16 倍。原生铅的 CCEM 几乎是再生铅的两倍，CCEM 在制造和产品制造阶段最低。LAB 中铅的 CCVM 比其他类型的铅高 2.5-6 倍。废铅的 CCVM 比铅矿石低，精炼铅的 CCVM 比废铅和精炼铅高约 1.7 倍。对于铅贸易，CCVM 与国内和海外市场相关。1990 年至 2014 年，每个阶段的 CCEM 都呈下降趋势，而 CCVM 则相反。从资源、环境和市场的角度分析了影响因素。提高废铅的循环利用率是快速节约资源、减少铅污染、促进循环经济的有效途径。还强调了研究的局限性和潜在价值，并概述了未来的研究方向。
