Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany.
Zoology II, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany.
Sci Rep. 2018 Oct 17;8(1):15314. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-33686-3.
The modulation of an animal's behavior through external sensory stimuli, previous experience and its internal state is crucial to survive in a constantly changing environment. In most insects, octopamine (OA) and its precursor tyramine (TA) modulate a variety of physiological processes and behaviors by shifting the organism from a relaxed or dormant condition to a responsive, excited and alerted state. Even though OA/TA neurons of the central brain are described on single cell level in Drosophila melanogaster, the periphery was largely omitted from anatomical studies. Given that OA/TA is involved in behaviors like feeding, flying and locomotion, which highly depend on a variety of peripheral organs, it is necessary to study the peripheral connections of these neurons to get a complete picture of the OA/TA circuitry. We here describe the anatomy of this aminergic system in relation to peripheral tissues of the entire fly. OA/TA neurons arborize onto skeletal muscles all over the body and innervate reproductive organs, the heart, the corpora allata, and sensory organs in the antennae, legs, wings and halteres underlining their relevance in modulating complex behaviors.
通过外部感觉刺激、先前的经验和内部状态来调节动物的行为对于在不断变化的环境中生存至关重要。在大多数昆虫中，章鱼胺（OA）及其前体酪胺（TA）通过将生物体从放松或休眠状态转变为反应灵敏、兴奋和警觉状态，来调节各种生理过程和行为。尽管在黑腹果蝇的中枢神经系统中单细胞水平描述了 OA/TA 神经元，但外围在解剖学研究中基本被忽略。鉴于 OA/TA 参与像进食、飞行和运动等行为，这些行为高度依赖于各种外围器官，因此有必要研究这些神经元的外围连接，以全面了解 OA/TA 回路。我们在这里描述了与整个蝇体的外围组织相关的这种胺能系统的解剖结构。OA/TA 神经元分支到全身的骨骼肌上，并支配生殖器官、心脏、咽侧体和触角、腿、翅膀和平衡棒中的感觉器官，这突出了它们在调节复杂行为方面的重要性。
