Octopaminergic descending neurons in : Connectivity, tonic activity and relation to locomotion.

Projection neurons that communicate between different brain regions and local neurons that shape computation within a brain region form the majority of all neurons in the brain. Another important class of neurons is neuromodulatory neurons; these neurons are in much smaller numbers than projection/local neurons but have a large influence on computations in the brain. Neuromodulatory neurons are classified by the neurotransmitters they carry, such as dopamine and serotonin. Much of our knowledge of the effect of neuromodulators comes from experiments in which either a large population of neuromodulatory neurons or the entire population is perturbed. Alternatively, a given neuromodulator is exogenously applied. While these experiments are informative of the general role of the neurotransmitter, one limitation of these experiments is that the role of individual neuromodulatory neurons remains unknown. In this study, we investigate the role of a class of octopaminergic (octopamine is the invertebrate equivalent of norepinephrine) neurons in or fruit fly. Neuromodulation in work along similar principles as humans; and the smaller number of neuromodulatory neurons allow us to assess the role of individual neurons. This study focuses on a subpopulation of octopaminergic descending neurons (OA-DNs) whose cell bodies are in the brain and project to the thoracic ganglia. Using in-vivo whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and anatomical analyses that allow us to compare light microscopy data to the electron microscopic volumes available in the fly, we find that neurons within each cluster have similar physiological properties, including their relation to locomotion. However, neurons in the same cluster with similar anatomy have very different connectivity. Our data is consistent with the hypothesis that each OA-DN is recruited individually and has a unique function within the fly's brain.