Crocombe Spectroscopic Consulting, Winchester, MA, USA.
Appl Spectrosc. 2018 Dec;72(12):1701-1751. doi: 10.1177/0003702818809719. Epub 2018 Oct 18.
Until very recently, handheld spectrometers were the domain of major analytical and security instrument companies, with turnkey analyzers using spectroscopic techniques from X-ray fluorescence (XRF) for elemental analysis (metals), to Raman, mid-infrared, and near-infrared (NIR) for molecular analysis (mostly organics). However, the past few years have seen rapid changes in this landscape with the introduction of handheld laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), smartphone spectroscopy focusing on medical diagnostics for low-resource areas, commercial engines that a variety of companies can build up into products, hyphenated or dual technology instruments, low-cost visible-shortwave NIR instruments selling directly to the public, and, most recently, portable hyperspectral imaging instruments. Successful handheld instruments are designed to give answers to non-scientist operators; therefore, their developers have put extensive resources into reliable identification algorithms, spectroscopic libraries or databases, and qualitative and quantitative calibrations. As spectroscopic instruments become smaller and lower cost, "engines" have emerged, leading to the possibility of being incorporated in consumer devices and smart appliances, part of the Internet of Things (IOT). This review outlines the technologies used in portable spectroscopy, discusses their applications, both qualitative and quantitative, and how instrument developers and vendors have approached giving actionable answers to non-scientists. It outlines concerns on crowdsourced data, especially for heterogeneous samples, and finally looks towards the future in areas like IOT, emerging technologies for instruments, and portable hyphenated and hyperspectral instruments.
直到最近，手持式光谱仪还主要是大型分析和安全仪器公司的领域，使用来自 X 射线荧光 (XRF) 的光谱技术的交钥匙分析仪可进行元素分析（金属），而拉曼、中红外和近红外 (NIR) 则可进行分子分析（主要是有机物）。然而，过去几年中，手持式激光诱导击穿光谱 (LIBS) 的引入、专注于低资源地区医疗诊断的智能手机光谱学、各种公司都可以构建产品的商业引擎、联用或双技术仪器、直接向公众销售的低成本可见短波近红外仪器，以及最近的便携式高光谱成像仪器，使得这一领域发生了快速变化。成功的手持式仪器旨在为非科学家操作员提供答案；因此，它们的开发人员投入了大量资源来开发可靠的识别算法、光谱库或数据库，以及定性和定量校准。随着光谱仪器变得更小、成本更低，“引擎”已经出现，这使得它们有可能被纳入消费设备和智能电器中，成为物联网 (IoT) 的一部分。本综述概述了便携式光谱技术中使用的技术，讨论了它们的定性和定量应用，以及仪器开发人员和供应商如何着手为非科学家提供可行的答案。它概述了对众包数据的关注，特别是对于异质样本，最后展望了物联网、仪器新兴技术和便携式联用和高光谱仪器等领域的未来。
