Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology, Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller Str. 10, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
Pflugers Arch. 2019 Mar;471(3):383-396. doi: 10.1007/s00424-018-2216-y. Epub 2018 Oct 18.
Regular physical activity not only improves the exercise capacity of the skeletal muscle performing the contractions, but it is beneficial for the whole body. An extensive search for "exercise factors" mediating these beneficial effects has been going on for decades. Particularly skeletal muscle tissue has been investigated as a source of circulating exercise factors, and several myokines have been identified. However, exercise also has an impact on other tissues. The liver is interposed between energy storing and energy utilising tissues and is highly active during exercise, maintaining energy homeostasis. Recently, a novel group of exercise factors-termed hepatokines-has emerged. These proteins (fibroblast growth factor 21, follistatin, angiopoietin-like protein 4, heat shock protein 72, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1) are released from the liver and increased in the bloodstream during or in the recovery after an exercise bout. In this narrative review, we evaluate this new group of exercise factors focusing on the regulation and potential function in exercise metabolism and adaptations. These hepatokines may convey some of the beneficial whole-body effects of exercise that could ameliorate metabolic diseases, such as obesity or type 2 diabetes.
定期进行体育锻炼不仅可以提高进行收缩运动的骨骼肌的运动能力，而且对全身都有益处。几十年来，人们一直在广泛寻找介导这些有益效果的“运动因子”。特别是骨骼肌组织已被作为循环运动因子的来源进行了研究，并且已经鉴定出了几种肌肉因子。但是，运动对其他组织也有影响。肝脏位于储能和耗能组织之间，在运动过程中非常活跃，维持着能量平衡。最近，出现了一类新的运动因子——称为“肝因子”。这些蛋白质（成纤维细胞生长因子 21、卵泡抑素、血管生成素样蛋白 4、热休克蛋白 72、胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白 1）从肝脏释放出来，并在运动过程中或运动后恢复期间增加到血液中。在本综述中，我们重点评估了这一新的运动因子群，关注其在运动代谢和适应中的调节和潜在功能。这些肝因子可能传递了运动的一些全身有益效果，这些效果可以改善代谢疾病，如肥胖或 2 型糖尿病。
