ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur 440 033, Maharashtra, India.
ICAR-National Institute of Biotic Stress Management, Raipur 493 225, Chhattisgarh, India.
J Invertebr Pathol. 2019 Jul;165:74-81. doi: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.10.008. Epub 2018 Oct 19.
The biopesticide industry in India is undergoing rapid change, reflecting increased global trade in agricultural commodities, a changing regulatory environment and evolving consumer preferences. Currently biopesticides comprise ≈ 5% of the Indian pesticide market, with at least 15 microbial species and 970 microbial formulations registered through the Central Insecticides Board and Registration Committee (CIBRC). As of 2017, over 200 products based on entomopathogenic fungi (Beauveria bassiana, B. brongniartii, Metarhizium anisopliae s.l., Lecanicillium lecanii and Hirsutella thompsonii) and nematicidal fungi (Purpureocillium lilacinum and Pochonia chlamydosporia) are registered for use against various arthropods and plant parasitic nematodes. Regarding bacteria, over 30 products based on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) subsp. kurstaki are registered against bollworms, loopers and other lepidopterans, while 12 based on Bt subsp. israelensis and three with Bt subsp. sphaericus have been used against mosquitoes. Two viruses are registered, namely Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (22 products) and Spodoptera litura nucleopolyhedrovirus (5 products) for use against bollworms and armyworms. Four entomopathogenic nematode species are sold in Indian market. These include long-lasting wettable powder formulations of Heterorhabditis indica developed by the ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru which have been distributed on a large scale to control white grubs and other sugarcane pests. Biopesticide research on the subcontinent is at a relatively early stage, but evolving rapidly, and focusing on indigenous entomopathogens. Despite onerous regulation, quality-control issues and limited large-scale production facilities, investment in domestic fermentation technologies, improved delivery systems, and promotion of biological control through private and public initiative will increase the share of microbial biopesticides in the country.
印度的生物农药行业正在发生快速变化，反映出农业大宗商品全球贸易的增加、不断变化的监管环境和不断变化的消费者偏好。目前，生物农药约占印度农药市场的 5%，通过中央杀虫剂理事会和注册委员会（CIBRC）注册的微生物品种至少有 15 种，微生物制剂有 970 种。截至 2017 年，基于昆虫病原真菌（球孢白僵菌、布氏白僵菌、绿僵菌、淡紫拟青霉和金龟子绿僵菌）和杀线虫真菌（淡紫拟青霉和多粘类芽孢杆菌）的 200 多种产品已注册用于防治各种节肢动物和植物寄生线虫。关于细菌，基于苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bt）亚种的 30 多种产品已注册用于防治棉铃虫、卷叶蛾和其他鳞翅目昆虫，而 12 种基于 Bt 亚种以色列亚种和 3 种基于 Bt 亚种球形亚种的产品已用于防治蚊子。有两种病毒注册，即棉铃虫核多角体病毒（22 种产品）和斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒（5 种产品），用于防治棉铃虫和夜蛾。四种昆虫病原线虫在印度市场上销售。其中包括由位于班加罗尔的印度农业研究理事会-国家农业昆虫资源局开发的长持效湿性粉剂制剂的异小杆线虫，已大规模分发用于控制白土象甲和其他甘蔗害虫。该次大陆的生物农药研究处于相对早期阶段，但发展迅速，重点是本土昆虫病原物。尽管监管严格、质量控制问题和有限的大规模生产设施，但对国内发酵技术、改进的施药系统以及通过私人和公共倡议促进生物防治的投资将增加该国微生物生物农药的份额。
