Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan.
Yamanashi Prefectural Museum, Fuefuki, Yamanashi, Japan.
PLoS One. 2018 Oct 23;13(10):e0204719. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204719. eCollection 2018.
Categorizing the archaeological remains of Sus scrofa as domesticated "pigs" or wild "boars" is often difficult because of their morphological and genetic similarities. For this purpose, we tested whether feeding ecological change of S. scrofa that accompanied their domestication can be detected based on the three-dimensional texture created on the tooth enamel surface by mastication. We scanned the lower tooth surface of one wild and one stall-fed populations of modern S. s. leucomystax and one wild population of S. s. riukiuanus by using a confocal laser microscope. The average body weight of S. s. leucomystax is twice as heavier as that of S. s. riukiuanus. The textures were quantified using the industrial "roughness" standard, ISO 25178, to prevent inter-observer errors and to distinguish small differences that were difficult to detect by two dimensional image observation. The values of parameters related to height and volume were significantly larger in the stall-fed population. Twenty parameters differed significantly between the stall-fed and wild population of S. s. leucomystax, which indicated that the feeding ecological difference affected the ISO parameters of the two boar populations. Six parameters also differed between the wild populations of S. s. leucomystax and S. s. riukiuanus. Surprisingly, no parameter differed between the populations of stall-fed S. s. leucomystax and wild S. s. riukiuanus. Consumption of hard nuts and/or agricultural fruits and crops by the wild population of S. s. riukiuanus may have produced a tooth surface texture similar to that of the stall-fed population of S. s. leucomystax. Further analysis of S. s. riukiuanus with a known diet is necessary to conclude whether ISO parameters reflect the dietary transition accompanying the domestication of Sus (e.g., wild, semi-domestic, and domestic). Until then, caution is needed in discriminating domesticated populations from wild populations that mainly feed on hard objects.
将考古遗址中的Sus scrofa 分类为驯化的“猪”或野生的“野猪”通常很困难，因为它们在形态和遗传上很相似。为此，我们测试了是否可以根据咀嚼在牙釉质表面产生的三维纹理来检测伴随驯化而发生的Sus scrofa 的饲养生态变化。我们使用共聚焦激光显微镜扫描了现代 S. s. leucomystax 的一个野生和一个圈养种群以及一个 S. s. riukiuanus 的一个野生种群的下牙表面。S. s. leucomystax 的平均体重是 S. s. riukiuanus 的两倍。使用工业“粗糙度”标准 ISO 25178 对纹理进行量化，以防止观察者之间的误差，并区分通过二维图像观察难以检测到的微小差异。与高度和体积相关的参数值在圈养种群中显著较大。20 个参数在圈养和野生 S. s. leucomystax 种群之间存在显著差异，这表明饲养生态差异影响了两个野猪种群的 ISO 参数。6 个参数在野生 S. s. leucomystax 和 S. s. riukiuanus 种群之间也存在差异。令人惊讶的是，圈养 S. s. leucomystax 种群和野生 S. s. riukiuanus 种群之间没有参数存在差异。野生 S. s. riukiuanus 种群可能食用坚硬的坚果和/或农业水果和作物，导致其牙齿表面纹理与圈养 S. s. leucomystax 种群相似。需要对具有已知饮食的 S. s. riukiuanus 进行进一步分析，以确定 ISO 参数是否反映了 Sus（例如，野生、半驯化和驯化）伴随驯化而来的饮食转变。在那之前，在区分主要以坚硬物体为食的驯化种群和野生种群时需要谨慎。
