Sjøgaard Gisela, Christensen Jeanette Reffstrup, Justesen Just Bendix, Murray Mike, Dalager Tina, Fredslund Gitte Hansen, Søgaard Karen
Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Research Unit of Physical Activity and Health in Work Life, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M DK 5230, Denmark.
J Sport Health Sci. 2016 Jun;5(2):159-165. doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2016.04.004. Epub 2016 Apr 7.
Physical activity (PA) includes muscle activity during exercise, manual work, and leisure time activities including sport. Conflicting results exist regarding health effects of PA that may deteriorate with manual work and elite sports, but improve when performed in moderation in accordance with international guidelines and may additionally enhance well-being and productivity.
In Denmark 15 randomized controlled trials have been conducted, introducing exercise at the workplace enrolling >3500 workers. The interventions lasted from 10 to 52 weeks and offered ~1 h weekly supervised exercise during working hours according to the concept of intelligent physical exercise training (IPET) that is based on evidenced sports sciences training principles and tailored to work exposure, employee health status, and physical capacity. Questionnaire surveys and health checks including blood and muscle sampling were performed at baseline and follow-up. The job groups included: office and computer workers, dentists, industrial technicians, cleaning personnel, health care workers, construction workers, and fighter/helicopter pilots.
In all job groups significant improvements were documented regarding health outcomes. These were job group specific: neck pain was reduced among office and computer workers, dentists, industrial laboratory technicians, health care workers as well as fighter pilots. Cardio-respiratory fitness-a health risk indicator for cardio-metabolic diseases-was improved among office and computer workers, health care workers, and construction workers. Additionally, other improvements were evidenced such as increased muscle strength and balance control. Importantly, productivity increased with improved muscle strength and decreased body mass index.
IPET does enhance health if an exercise program with evidenced efficacy is implemented by expert trainees with support of the employer. Accordingly, in every study group outcomes of improved health were documented and the effect sizes were of clinical relevance. Cost effectiveness estimates indicate acceptable cost relative to savings on health expenses and lost productivity.
身体活动（PA）包括运动、体力劳动以及休闲活动（如运动）中的肌肉活动。关于PA对健康的影响存在相互矛盾的结果，其影响可能会因体力劳动和精英运动而恶化，但按照国际指南适度进行时则会改善，并且还可能增强幸福感和生产力。
在丹麦进行了15项随机对照试验，在工作场所引入运动，纳入了3500多名工人。干预持续10至52周，根据智能体育锻炼训练（IPET）的理念，在工作时间每周提供约1小时的监督锻炼，该理念基于有证据支持的运动科学训练原则，并根据工作暴露情况、员工健康状况和身体能力进行量身定制。在基线和随访时进行问卷调查和健康检查，包括血液和肌肉采样。工作群体包括：办公室和计算机工作者、牙医、工业技术人员、清洁人员、医护人员、建筑工人以及战斗机/直升机飞行员。
在所有工作群体中，健康结果均有显著改善。这些改善因工作群体而异：办公室和计算机工作者、牙医、工业实验室技术人员、医护人员以及战斗机飞行员的颈部疼痛减轻。办公室和计算机工作者、医护人员以及建筑工人的心肺适能（一种心血管代谢疾病的健康风险指标）得到改善。此外，还证明了其他改善，如肌肉力量和平衡控制增强。重要的是，生产力随着肌肉力量的提高和体重指数的降低而提高。
如果在雇主的支持下，由专业受训人员实施具有证据支持疗效的运动计划，IPET确实能增进健康。因此，在每个研究组中都记录了健康改善的结果，且效应大小具有临床相关性。成本效益估计表明，相对于节省的医疗费用和减少的生产力损失，成本是可接受的。
