cE3c - Centro de Ecologia, Evolução e Alterações Ambientais, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, EPHE, CP, Paris, France.
Drug Dev Res. 2019 Feb;80(1):86-97. doi: 10.1002/ddr.21466. Epub 2018 Oct 28.
The exposure of the human gut to antibiotics can have a great impact on human health. Antibiotics pertain to the preservation of human health and are useful tools for fighting bacterial infections. They can be used for curing infections and can play a critical role in immunocompromised or chronic patients, or in fighting childhood severe malnutrition. Yet, the genomic and phylogenetic diversity of the human gut changes under antibiotic exposure. Antibiotics can also have severe side effects on human gut health, due to the spreading of potential antibiotic resistance genetic traits and to their correlation with virulence of some bacterial pathogens. They can shape, and even disrupt, the composition and functioning diversity of the human gut microbiome. Traditionally bacterial antibiotic resistances have been evaluated at clone or population level. However, the understanding of these two apparently disparate perspectives as both friends and foes may come from the study of microbiomes as a whole and from the evaluation of both positive and negative effects of antibiotics on microbial community dynamics and diversity. In this review we present some metagenomic tools and databases that enable the studying of antibiotic resistance in human gut metagenomes, promoting the development of personalized medicine strategies, new antimicrobial therapy protocols and patient follow-up.
人类肠道暴露于抗生素会对人类健康产生重大影响。抗生素是维护人类健康的重要手段，也是对抗细菌感染的有效工具。抗生素可以用于治疗感染，并在免疫功能低下或慢性患者、或在治疗儿童严重营养不良方面发挥关键作用。然而，在抗生素暴露下，人类肠道的基因组和系统发育多样性会发生变化。由于潜在抗生素耐药性遗传特征的传播及其与某些细菌病原体毒力的相关性，抗生素也会对人类肠道健康产生严重的副作用。它们可以塑造甚至破坏人类肠道微生物组的组成和功能多样性。传统上，细菌抗生素耐药性是在克隆或种群水平上进行评估的。然而，要理解这两个看似截然不同的观点，即抗生素既是朋友又是敌人，可能需要从整体上研究微生物组，并评估抗生素对微生物群落动态和多样性的积极和消极影响。在这篇综述中，我们介绍了一些宏基因组学工具和数据库，这些工具和数据库可以帮助研究人类肠道宏基因组中的抗生素耐药性，促进个性化医疗策略、新的抗菌治疗方案和患者随访的发展。
