Hachiga Yosuke, Schwartz Lindsay P, Tripoli Christopher, Michaels Samuel, Kearns David, Silberberg Alan
Department of Psychology.
J Comp Psychol. 2019 May;133(2):197-206. doi: 10.1037/com0000144. Epub 2018 Oct 29.
Martin, Bhui, Bossaerts, Matsuzawa, and Camerer (2014) found that chimpanzee pairs competing in matching-pennies games achieved the Nash equilibrium whereas human pairs did not. They hypothesized this outcome may be due to (a) chimpanzee ecology producing evolutionary changes that give them a cognitive advantage over humans in these games, and (b) humans being disadvantaged because the cognition necessary for optimal game play was traded off in evolution to support language. We provide data relevant to their hypotheses by exposing pairs of pigeons to the same games. Pigeons also achieved the Nash equilibrium, but did so while also conforming with the matching law prediction on concurrent schedules where choice ratios covary with reinforcer ratios. The cumulative effects model, which produces matching on concurrent schedules, also achieved the Nash equilibrium when it was simulated on matching-pennies games. The empirical and simulated compatibility between matching law and Nash equilibrium predictions can be explained in two ways. Choice to concurrent schedules, where matching obtains, and choice in game play, where the Nash equilibrium is achieved, may reflect the operation of a common process in choice (e.g., reinforcer maximization) for which matching and achieving the Nash equilibrium are derivative. Alternatively, if matching in choice is innate as some accounts argue, then achieving the Nash equilibrium may be an epiphenomenon of matching. Regardless, the wide species generality of matching relations in nonhuman choice suggests game play in chimpanzees would not prove advantaged relative to most species in the animal kingdom. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
马丁、布伊、博萨尔特、松泽和卡梅勒（2014年）发现，在玩抛硬币配对游戏中相互竞争的黑猩猩对能够达到纳什均衡，而人类对则不能。他们推测，这一结果可能是由于：（a）黑猩猩的生态环境产生了进化变化，使它们在这些游戏中比人类具有认知优势；（b）人类处于劣势，因为在进化过程中，为了支持语言能力，最优游戏玩法所需的认知能力被权衡取舍了。我们通过让鸽子对参与同样的游戏，提供了与他们的假设相关的数据。鸽子也达到了纳什均衡，但同时也符合匹配法则在并发程序中的预测，即选择比率与强化物比率共变。在并发程序中产生匹配的累积效应模型，在抛硬币配对游戏中进行模拟时也达到了纳什均衡。匹配法则与纳什均衡预测之间的实证和模拟兼容性可以用两种方式来解释。在获得匹配的并发程序中的选择，以及在达到纳什均衡的游戏玩法中的选择，可能反映了选择中一个共同过程的运作（例如，强化物最大化），对于这个过程来说，匹配和达到纳什均衡是派生的。或者，如果如一些观点所主张的，选择中的匹配是天生的，那么达到纳什均衡可能是匹配的一种附带现象。无论如何，非人类选择中匹配关系的广泛物种普遍性表明，相对于动物王国中的大多数物种而言，黑猩猩的游戏玩法并无优势。（《心理学文摘数据库记录》（c）2019年美国心理学会，保留所有权利）
