Pariseau-Legault Pierre, Holmes Dave, Murray Stuart J
Department of Nursing Science, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Saint-Jerome, Quebec, Canada.
Sue and Bill Gross School of Nursing, University of California, Irvine, California.
Nurs Philos. 2019 Jan;20(1):e12229. doi: 10.1111/nup.12229. Epub 2018 Oct 30.
Human enhancement technologies raise serious ethical questions about health practices no longer content simply to treat disease, but which now also propose to "optimize" human beings' physical, cognitive and psychological abilities. These technologies call for a reassessment of our relationship to health, the human body and the body's organic, identity and social functions. In nursing, such considerations are in their infancy. In this paper, we argue for the relevance of critical phenomenology as a way to better understand the ethical issues related to human enhancement technologies (HET). In so doing, we seek to problematize HET and assess their influence on the future development of nursing science and practice. It is difficult to anticipate the concrete effects of HET, we suggest, because these practices reconfigure the meaning of normativity and disorient our conventional ethical landscape. In this context, we argue that the later work of Martin Heidegger and Michel Foucault invites a critical perspective into how techno-scientific discourses modify our relationship to care, to health and to our own social and corporeal identities. Despite the traditional philosophical opposition between phenomenology and critical theory, we maintain that a hybrid critical phenomenological approach opens new ways to assess the integration of technology and practice. Our analysis understands HET as a process of "hybridization" between technological objects and human subjects. Critical phenomenology thus effectively questions anthropocentric definitions of technology, challenges the dichotomy between curative treatment and enhancement and, finally, prompts valuable reflection on the implications of HET for nursing theory and practice.
人类增强技术引发了关于健康实践的严重伦理问题，这些实践不再仅仅满足于治疗疾病，而是现在还提议“优化”人类的身体、认知和心理能力。这些技术要求我们重新审视我们与健康、人体以及身体的有机、身份和社会功能之间的关系。在护理领域，此类思考尚处于起步阶段。在本文中，我们主张批判现象学作为一种更好地理解与人类增强技术（HET）相关伦理问题的方法具有相关性。在此过程中，我们试图对HET提出问题并评估它们对护理科学与实践未来发展的影响。我们认为，很难预见HET的具体影响，因为这些实践重新配置了规范性的含义，并使我们传统的伦理格局迷失方向。在这种背景下，我们认为马丁·海德格尔和米歇尔·福柯的后期作品促使我们以批判的视角审视技术科学话语如何改变我们与护理、健康以及我们自身的社会和身体身份之间的关系。尽管现象学与批判理论在传统哲学上存在对立，但我们坚持认为，一种混合的批判现象学方法为评估技术与实践的整合开辟了新途径。我们的分析将HET理解为技术对象与人类主体之间的“杂交”过程。因此，批判现象学有效地质疑了以人类为中心的技术定义，挑战了治疗性治疗与增强之间的二分法，并最终促使人们对HET对护理理论与实践的影响进行有价值的反思。
