School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China; Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore; Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre (R3C), Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
Process and Systems Engineering Center (PROSYS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
Environ Int. 2018 Dec;121(Pt 2):1039-1057. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.10.024. Epub 2018 Nov 2.
The microbial safety of swimming pool waters (SPWs) becomes increasingly important with the popularity of swimming activities. Disinfection aiming at killing microbes in SPWs produces disinfection by-products (DBPs), which has attracted considerable public attentions due to their high frequency of occurrence, considerable concentrations and potent toxicity. We reviewed the latest research progress within the last four decades on the regulation, formation, exposure, and treatment of DBPs in the context of SPWs. This paper specifically discussed DBP regulations in different regions, formation mechanisms related with disinfectants, precursors and other various conditions, human exposure assessment reflected by biomarkers or epidemiological evidence, and the control and treatment of DBPs. Compared to drinking water with natural organic matter as the main organic precursor of DBPs, the additional human inputs (i.e., body fluids and personal care products) to SPWs make the water matrix more complicated and lead to the formation of more types and greater concentrations of DBPs. Dermal absorption and inhalation are two main exposure pathways for trihalomethanes while ingestion for haloacetic acids, reflected by DBP occurrence in human matrices including exhaled air, urine, blood, and plasma. Studies show that membrane filtration, advanced oxidation processes, biodegradation, thermal degradation, chemical reduction, and some hybrid processes are the potential DBP treatment technologies. The removal efficiency, possible mechanisms and future challenges of these DBP treatment methods are summarized in this review, which may facilitate their full-scale applications and provide potential directions for further research extension.
随着游泳活动的普及，游泳池水（SPW）的微生物安全性变得越来越重要。旨在杀死 SPW 中微生物的消毒会产生消毒副产物（DBP），由于其高发生率、相当高的浓度和强大的毒性，引起了相当大的公众关注。我们回顾了过去四十年中关于 SPW 中 DBP 的法规、形成、暴露和处理的最新研究进展。本文特别讨论了不同地区的 DBP 法规、与消毒剂、前体和其他各种条件相关的形成机制、生物标志物或流行病学证据反映的人类暴露评估，以及 DBP 的控制和处理。与以天然有机物为主要 DBP 有机前体的饮用水相比，人体对 SPW 的额外输入（即体液和个人护理产品）使水基质更加复杂，并导致形成更多类型和更高浓度的 DBP。三卤甲烷的主要暴露途径是皮肤吸收和吸入，而卤乙酸的主要暴露途径是摄入，这反映在包括呼出空气、尿液、血液和血浆在内的人体基质中 DBP 的存在。研究表明，膜过滤、高级氧化工艺、生物降解、热降解、化学还原和一些混合工艺是潜在的 DBP 处理技术。本综述总结了这些 DBP 处理方法的去除效率、可能的机制和未来的挑战，这可能有助于它们的大规模应用，并为进一步的研究扩展提供潜在的方向。
