Curtin Water Quality Research Centre (CWQRC), Chemistry, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
Curtin Water Quality Research Centre (CWQRC), Chemistry, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
Sci Total Environ. 2019 May 10;664:851-864. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.428. Epub 2019 Feb 2.
Swimming pools are disinfected to protect against the risk of microbial disease, however, the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) is an unwanted consequence. While many studies have reported the occurrence of commonly investigated DBPs (trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids) in pools, few studies have investigated emerging DBP classes, such as the haloketones or haloacetaldehydes, and the nitrogenous haloacetamides, halonitromethanes, haloacetonitriles and N-nitrosamines. This study investigated the occurrence of sixty four DBPs from the eight aforementioned DBP classes in pools employing different treatment methods. Approximately 70% of the DBPs were detected in at least one of the pools, with most concentrations being equal to or greater than those previously reported. Chloral hydrate (trichloroacetaldehyde) was one of many DBPs detected in all chlorinated waters (202 to 1313 μg/L), and, on a molar basis, was the predominant DBP. Several other DBPs, namely chloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, dichloroacetamide, dibromoacetamide, dibromochloroacetamide and trichloroacetamide, and many of the N-nitrosamines, were measured at concentrations greater than previously reported: up to 200 to 479 μg/L for the haloacetic acids, 56 to 736 μg/L for the haloacetamides and up to 1093 ng/L for some N-nitrosamines. The higher disinfectant residuals required to be employed in Australian pools, and poor pool management (e.g. of chlorine residual and pH) are likely factors contributing to these relatively high DBP concentrations. Where possible, the cytotoxicity values of the investigated DBPs were evaluated, with chloral hydrate representing over 90% of the total chronic cytotoxicity despite only representing up to 64% of the total molar DBP concentration. This study is the first report of bromodichloroacetaldehyde and bromochloroacetaldehyde in pools and is the first investigation of N-nitrosamines in a brominated pool. Furthermore, this work aids in understanding DBPs in both chlorine and bromine treated pools, the latter being the subject of only limited previous studies.
游泳池经过消毒以防止微生物疾病的风险，但形成消毒副产物（DBP）是一个意外的后果。虽然许多研究报告了游泳池中常见的调查 DBP（三卤甲烷和卤乙酸）的发生，但很少有研究调查新兴的 DBP 类别，如卤酮或卤乙醛、含氮卤乙酰胺、卤代硝基甲烷、卤代乙腈和 N-亚硝胺。本研究调查了采用不同处理方法的游泳池中来自上述八个 DBP 类别的 64 种 DBP 的发生情况。大约 70%的 DBP 在至少一个游泳池中被检测到，大多数浓度与以前报道的浓度相等或更高。水合氯醛（三氯乙醛）是所有氯化水中检测到的许多 DBP 之一（202 至 1313μg/L），并且在摩尔基础上是主要的 DBP。其他一些 DBP，如氯乙酸、二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸、二氯乙酰胺、二溴乙酰胺、二溴氯乙酰胺和三氯乙酰胺，以及许多 N-亚硝胺，其浓度高于以前的报道：高达 200 至 479μg/L 的卤乙酸、56 至 736μg/L 的卤乙酰胺和高达 1093ng/L 的一些 N-亚硝胺。在澳大利亚游泳池中需要使用更高的消毒剂残留量，以及游泳池管理不善（例如氯残留和 pH 值），可能是导致这些相对较高的 DBP 浓度的因素。在可能的情况下，评估了所研究的 DBP 的细胞毒性值，尽管仅占总摩尔 DBP 浓度的 64%，但水合氯醛代表了超过 90%的总慢性细胞毒性。本研究首次报道了游泳池中的溴二氯乙醛和溴氯乙醛，并首次调查了溴化游泳池中的 N-亚硝胺。此外，这项工作有助于了解氯和溴处理的游泳池中的 DBP，而后者仅受到先前有限研究的关注。
