Sears David Rw, Pearce Marcus T, Spitzer Jacob, Caplin William E, McAdams Stephen
1 College of Visual & Performing Arts, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
2 McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Q J Exp Psychol (Hove). 2019 Jun;72(6):1422-1438. doi: 10.1177/1747021818814472. Epub 2018 Nov 30.
Studies examining the formation of melodic and harmonic expectations during music listening have repeatedly demonstrated that a tonal context primes listeners to expect certain (tonally related) continuations over others. However, few such studies have (1) selected stimuli using ready examples of expectancy violation derived from real-world instances of tonal music, (2) provided a consistent account for the influence of sensory and cognitive mechanisms on tonal expectancies by comparing different computational simulations, or (3) combined melodic and harmonic representations in modelling cognitive processes of expectation. To resolve these issues, this study measures expectations for the most recurrent cadence patterns associated with tonal music and then simulates the reported findings using three sensory-cognitive models of auditory expectation. In Experiment 1, participants provided explicit retrospective expectancy ratings both before and after hearing the target melodic tone and chord of the cadential formula. In Experiment 2, participants indicated as quickly as possible whether those target events were in or out of tune relative to the preceding context. Across both experiments, cadences terminating with stable melodic tones and chords elicited the highest expectancy ratings and the fastest and most accurate responses. Moreover, the model simulations supported a cognitive interpretation of tonal processing, in which listeners with exposure to tonal music generate expectations as a consequence of the frequent (co-)occurrence of events on the musical surface.
研究音乐聆听过程中旋律和和声期待的形成，反复表明调性语境会促使听众预期某些（与调性相关的）延续而非其他延续。然而，很少有此类研究（1）使用从调性音乐的实际例子中得出的预期违背的现成示例来选择刺激材料，（2）通过比较不同的计算模拟，为感官和认知机制对调性预期的影响提供一致的解释，或者（3）在模拟预期的认知过程中结合旋律和和声表征。为了解决这些问题，本研究测量了对与调性音乐相关的最常见终止式模式的预期，然后使用三种听觉预期的感官 - 认知模型模拟所报告的结果。在实验1中，参与者在听到终止式公式的目标旋律音和和弦之前和之后都提供了明确的回顾性预期评分。在实验2中，参与者尽快指出那些目标事件相对于之前的语境是否音高相符。在这两个实验中，以稳定的旋律音和和弦结束的终止式引发了最高的预期评分以及最快且最准确的反应。此外，模型模拟支持了对调性处理的认知解释，即接触过调性音乐的听众由于音乐表面事件的频繁（共同）出现而产生预期。
