Research on opioid substitution therapy in India: A brief, narrative review.

Opioid dependence is a significant clinical and public health issue in India. Opioid substitution therapy (OST) is the most evidence-based treatment for opioid dependence. Although available in India for about three decades now, Indian research on this treatment modality has not been adequately reviewed so far. We conducted a narrative review of Indian research on OST. We conducted an online search for relevant literature in the peer-reviewed journals as well as the general online search for books and monographs. We present the findings of the review in the form of description of literature according to certain identified themes. Considering that methadone has became available in India, only recently, the Indian research on OST predominantly features buprenorphine as the agent. Effectiveness of OST among Indian opioid-dependent patients has been well established through prospective, experimental designs as well as through naturalistic studies using retrospective, chart-review approach. Naturalistic and observational postmarketing surveillance studies have demonstrated the safety of buprenorphine and methadone when used as OST. There are certain areas in which more research on OST will be beneficial for Indian clinicians as well as policy-makers. However, the quantum of evidence base that exists in India is more than adequate to justify the scale-up of this modality of treatment. A conducive policy environment for scaling-up OST is need of the hour.