Rasman Brandon G, Forbes Patrick A, Tisserand Romain, Blouin Jean-Sébastien
Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Front Neurol. 2018 Oct 26;9:899. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00899. eCollection 2018.
Standing balance relies on the integration of multiple sensory inputs to generate the motor commands required to stand. Mechanical and sensory perturbations elicit compensatory postural responses that are interpreted as a window into the sensorimotor processing involved in balance control. Popular methods involve imposed external perturbations that disrupt the control of quiet stance. Although these approaches provide critical information on how the balance system responds to external disturbances, the control mechanisms involved in correcting for these errors may differ from those responsible for the regulation of quiet standing. Alternative approaches use manipulations of the balance control loop to alter the relationship between sensory and motor cues. Coupled with imposed perturbations, these manipulations of the balance control loop provide unique opportunities to reveal how sensory and motor signals are integrated to control the upright body. In this review, we first explore imposed perturbation approaches that have been used to investigate the neural control of standing balance. We emphasize imposed perturbations that only elicit balance responses when the disturbing stimuli are relevant to the balance task. Next, we highlight manipulations of the balance control loop that, when carefully implemented, replicate and/or alter the sensorimotor dynamics of quiet standing. We further describe how manipulations of the balance control loop can be used in combination with imposed perturbations to characterize mechanistic principles underlying the control of standing balance. We propose that recent developments in the use of robotics and sensory manipulations will continue to enable new possibilities for simulating and/or altering the sensorimotor control of standing beyond compensatory responses to imposed external perturbations.
站立平衡依赖于多种感觉输入的整合，以生成站立所需的运动指令。机械和感觉扰动会引发补偿性姿势反应，这些反应被视为了解平衡控制中感觉运动处理过程的一个窗口。常用方法包括施加外部扰动以扰乱安静站立的控制。虽然这些方法提供了关于平衡系统如何应对外部干扰的关键信息，但纠正这些误差所涉及的控制机制可能与负责安静站立调节的机制不同。其他方法则通过操纵平衡控制回路来改变感觉和运动线索之间的关系。结合施加的扰动，这些对平衡控制回路的操纵提供了独特的机会，以揭示感觉和运动信号是如何整合以控制直立身体的。在这篇综述中，我们首先探讨用于研究站立平衡神经控制的施加扰动方法。我们强调那些只有当干扰刺激与平衡任务相关时才会引发平衡反应的施加扰动。接下来，我们重点介绍对平衡控制回路的操纵，当仔细实施时，这些操纵会复制和/或改变安静站立的感觉运动动力学。我们进一步描述如何将平衡控制回路的操纵与施加的扰动结合使用，以表征站立平衡控制背后的机制原理。我们提出，机器人技术和感觉操纵使用方面的最新进展将继续为模拟和/或改变站立的感觉运动控制带来新的可能性，而不仅仅是对施加的外部扰动做出补偿反应。
