1 AgResearch Ltd, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
2 Molecular Epidemiology and Veterinary Public Health Laboratory (mEpiLab), Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2019 Jan;16(1):5-22. doi: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2524. Epub 2018 Nov 10.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global issue for both human and animal health. Infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria present treatment option challenges and are often associated with heightened severity of infection. Antimicrobial use (AMU) in human and animal health is a main driver for the development of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Increasing levels of AMU and the development and spread of AMR in food-producing animals, especially in poultry and swine production, has been identified as a food safety risk, but dairy production systems have been less studied. A number of farm management practices may impact on animal disease and as a result can influence the use of antimicrobials and subsequently AMR prevalence. However, this relationship is multifactorial and complex. Several AMR transmission pathways between dairy cattle, the environment, and humans have been proposed, including contact with manure-contaminated pastures, direct contact, or through the food chain from contaminated animal-derived products. The World Health Organization has defined a priority list for selected bacterial pathogens of concern to human health according to 10 criteria relating to health and AMR. This list includes human pathogens such as the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E), which can be associated with dairy cattle, their environment, as well as animal-derived food products. ESBL-E represent a potential risk to human and animal health and an emerging food safety concern. This review addresses two areas; first, the current understanding of the role of dairy farming in the prevalence and spread of AMR is considered, highlighting research gaps using ESBL-E as an exemplar; and second, a New Zealand perspective is taken to examine how farm management practices may contribute to on-farm AMU and AMR in dairy cattle.
抗微生物药物耐药性（AMR）是人类和动物健康的全球性问题。由抗微生物药物耐药细菌引起的感染给治疗选择带来了挑战，并且通常与感染的严重程度增加有关。人类和动物健康中的抗微生物药物使用（AMU）是抗微生物药物耐药细菌发展的主要驱动因素。食品生产动物中 AMU 水平的增加以及 AMR 的发展和传播，尤其是在禽类和猪生产中，已被确定为食品安全风险，但乳制品生产系统的研究较少。一些农场管理实践可能会影响动物疾病，从而影响抗微生物药物的使用以及随后的 AMR 流行率。然而，这种关系是多因素和复杂的。已经提出了一些奶牛、环境和人类之间抗微生物药物耐药性的传播途径，包括接触受粪便污染的牧场、直接接触或通过受污染的动物源性产品食物链。世界卫生组织根据与健康和 AMR 相关的 10 项标准，为人类健康关注的选定细菌病原体制定了一份优先清单。该清单包括人类病原体，如产extended-spectrum beta-lactamase 的肠杆菌科（ESBL-E），这些病原体可能与奶牛、其环境以及动物源性食品产品有关。ESBL-E 对人类和动物健康构成潜在威胁，也是一个新出现的食品安全问题。本综述涉及两个方面；首先，考虑了奶牛养殖在 AMR 流行和传播中的作用的现有理解，重点是使用 ESBL-E 作为范例研究研究差距；其次，从新西兰的角度探讨了农场管理实践如何有助于奶牛场的农场内 AMU 和 AMR。
