Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China; Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA; Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
Environ Pollut. 2019 Feb;245:272-281. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.130. Epub 2018 Nov 2.
Among the benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BUVSs), UV-234 and UV-320 are frequently detected in aquatic ecosystem. Despite the fact that these chemicals are present in low ng/L levels in surface water, they show high bio-accumulation potential and pose exposure risks to aquatic organisms. However, there are limited toxicological data available in fish. In this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to 0.01, 0.1 and 1 μM UV-234 or UV-320 for up to 6 days. Developmental toxicity as well as effects on mitochondrial bioenergetics, immune system responses, and locomotor activity in zebrafish were measured. After UV-234 treatment (0.1-1 μM), hatching time of embryos was increased compared to controls. There was also a ∼20-40% reduction in non-mitochondrial respiration and oligomycin-dependent mitochondrial respiration in embryos treated with 1 μM UV-234 for 24 and 48 h respectively; conversely basal respiration and non-mitochondrial respiration were increased ∼20-30% in embryos treated with 1 μM UV-320 at 48 h. Transcript levels of sod1 were down-regulated with BUVSs while sod2 mRNA was highly up-regulated with both UV-234 and UV-320, suggesting an oxidative damage response. Considering that mitochondrial signaling regulates innate immune pathways, we measured the expression of immune related transcripts (tlr5a, tlr5b, mmp9, il8, tnfa, cxcl-C1c, nfkb1, and ifng). Of these, only il8 and cxcl-C1c mRNA were decreased in response to 0.1 μM UV-320. To associate early molecular events with behavior, locomotor activity was assessed. UV-234 reduced larval activity in a dark photokinesis assay by ∼15%, however behavioral responses at environmentally-relevant concentrations of BUVSs were not consistent across experiments nor BUVSs. These data suggest that BUVSs can perturb mitochondrial bioenergetics, embryonic development, and locomotor activity of zebrafish, but these responses appear to be dose-, time- and BUVSs dependent, suggesting these chemicals may have unique modes of action.
在苯并三唑紫外线稳定剂 (BUVSs) 中，UV-234 和 UV-320 经常在水生生态系统中被检测到。尽管这些化学物质在地表水的 ng/L 水平下含量很低，但它们具有很高的生物蓄积潜力，并对水生生物构成暴露风险。然而，鱼类的毒理学数据有限。在这项研究中，斑马鱼胚胎暴露于 0.01、0.1 和 1 μM UV-234 或 UV-320 长达 6 天。测量了斑马鱼的发育毒性以及对线粒体生物能学、免疫系统反应和运动活性的影响。与对照组相比，经 UV-234 处理（0.1-1 μM）后，胚胎的孵化时间增加。用 1 μM UV-234 处理 24 和 48 小时后，胚胎的非线粒体呼吸和寡霉素依赖性线粒体呼吸分别减少了约 20-40%；相反，用 1 μM UV-320 处理 48 小时后，胚胎的基础呼吸和非线粒体呼吸增加了约 20-30%。BUVSs 处理后 sod1 的转录水平下调，而 UV-234 和 UV-320 处理后 sod2 mRNA 高度上调，表明存在氧化损伤反应。考虑到线粒体信号调节先天免疫途径，我们测量了免疫相关转录物（tlr5a、tlr5b、mmp9、il8、tnfa、cxcl-C1c、nfkb1 和 ifng）的表达。其中，只有 0.1 μM UV-320 处理后 il8 和 cxcl-C1c 的 mRNA 下调。为了将早期分子事件与行为联系起来，评估了运动活性。UV-234 通过暗光动力学测定使幼虫活性降低了约 15%，但在环境相关浓度的 BUVSs 下，行为反应在实验之间和 BUVSs 之间并不一致。这些数据表明，BUVSs 可以扰乱斑马鱼的线粒体生物能学、胚胎发育和运动活性，但这些反应似乎取决于剂量、时间和 BUVSs，表明这些化学物质可能具有独特的作用模式。
