Optimizing genotype-environment-management interactions to enhance productivity and eco-efficiency for wheat-maize rotation in the North China Plain.

Agricultural production is facing unprecedented challenges to ensure food security by increasing productivity and in the meantime lowering environmental risk, especially in China. To enhance productivity and eco-efficiency of the typical winter wheat-summer maize rotation simultaneously in the North China Plain (NCP), we optimized the Genotype (G) × Environment (E) × Management (M) interactions to propose the optimal agronomic management practices and cultivars for four representative sites, with the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM) model and detailed field trial data. The results showed that an appropriate delay in sowing date could mitigate climatic negative effects and a proper increase in sowing density could increase yield. The optimal nitrogen application rate could be 180 kg N ha year for maize. For the cropping system, 240 mm of irrigation for wheat and 330-390 kg N ha year of nitrogen application rate (150-210 kg N ha year for wheat and 180 kg N ha year for maize) were suitable to sustain high yield, resource use efficiency, and lower NO emissions. These recommended levels were, respectively, 40% less than the current irrigation and N application rate commonly used by local farmers. The recommended management practices could increase groundwater recharge while reducing nitrogen leaching and NO emissions without reducing yield. The maize cultivars with a long growth duration, large grain number and grain-filling rate are desirable. The desirable wheat cultivars are characterized with a medium vernalization sensitivity and high grain filling rate. The present study demonstrated an effective approach to develop sustainable intensification options for producing more with less environmental costs through optimizing G × E × M interactions.