Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
Sci Total Environ. 2019 Mar 1;654:480-492. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.126. Epub 2018 Nov 10.
Agricultural production is facing unprecedented challenges to ensure food security by increasing productivity and in the meantime lowering environmental risk, especially in China. To enhance productivity and eco-efficiency of the typical winter wheat-summer maize rotation simultaneously in the North China Plain (NCP), we optimized the Genotype (G) × Environment (E) × Management (M) interactions to propose the optimal agronomic management practices and cultivars for four representative sites, with the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM) model and detailed field trial data. The results showed that an appropriate delay in sowing date could mitigate climatic negative effects and a proper increase in sowing density could increase yield. The optimal nitrogen application rate could be 180 kg N ha year for maize. For the cropping system, 240 mm of irrigation for wheat and 330-390 kg N ha year of nitrogen application rate (150-210 kg N ha year for wheat and 180 kg N ha year for maize) were suitable to sustain high yield, resource use efficiency, and lower NO emissions. These recommended levels were, respectively, 40% less than the current irrigation and N application rate commonly used by local farmers. The recommended management practices could increase groundwater recharge while reducing nitrogen leaching and NO emissions without reducing yield. The maize cultivars with a long growth duration, large grain number and grain-filling rate are desirable. The desirable wheat cultivars are characterized with a medium vernalization sensitivity and high grain filling rate. The present study demonstrated an effective approach to develop sustainable intensification options for producing more with less environmental costs through optimizing G × E × M interactions.
农业生产正面临前所未有的挑战，需要在提高生产力的同时降低环境风险，以确保粮食安全，尤其是在中国。为了提高华北平原（NCP）典型冬小麦-夏玉米轮作的生产力和生态效率，我们优化了基因型（G）×环境（E）×管理（M）互作，提出了四个代表性地点的最佳农艺管理实践和品种，使用农业生产系统模拟器（APSIM）模型和详细的田间试验数据。结果表明，适当推迟播种日期可以减轻气候的负面影响，适当增加播种密度可以提高产量。玉米的最佳氮肥施用量可为 180 kg N ha year。对于该种植制度，小麦灌水量为 240 mm，氮施用量为 330-390 kg N ha year（小麦 150-210 kg N ha year，玉米 180 kg N ha year），有利于维持高产、资源利用效率和降低 NO 排放。这些推荐水平分别比当地农民常用的当前灌溉和氮施用量低 40%。推荐的管理实践可以在不降低产量的情况下增加地下水补给，减少氮淋溶和 NO 排放。具有较长生长周期、较大粒数和灌浆速率的玉米品种是理想的。理想的小麦品种具有中度春化敏感性和较高的灌浆速率。本研究通过优化 G × E × M 互作，展示了一种开发可持续集约化生产方式的有效方法，即在降低环境成本的同时实现更高的生产力。
