Department of Psychology, Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden.
Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden.
Aging Ment Health. 2019 Dec;23(12):1674-1683. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2018.1506743. Epub 2018 Nov 18.
To examine the extent to which time perspective, an individual's habitual way of relating to the past, the present, and the future time frames, accounts for variations in self-reported depressive symptoms among older adults. Four hundred two participants (60-90 years) completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (CES-D) and the Swedish Zimbardo Time perspective Inventory (S-ZTPI). The influence of personality as reflected by the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and self-reported negative life events (NLEs) were controlled for in hierarchic regression analyses. The six S-ZTPI dimensions accounted for 24.5% of the variance in CES-D scores beyond age and gender. Half of the variance remained when the TCI factors and NLEs were controlled for. Past Negative, Future Negative, and Past Positive (inverse association) were the significant unique predictors. Significant age interactions were observed for two S-ZTPI dimensions, with a diminished association to depressive symptoms for Future Negative and a magnified association for Present Fatalistic with higher age. The results demonstrate a substantial relation between facets of time perspective and depressive symptoms in old age. They also indicate an age-related shift in the relative importance from concerns about of the future (Future Negative) to the present (Present Fatalistic) with increased age. In young old-age, when the future is more 'open', future worries (Future Negative) may be a more frequent source of distress. In late senescence, perceived threats to autonomy (e.g. physical health problems and cognitive deficits), as reflected by higher scores on Present Fatalistic, may instead have more bearing on mood state.
为了探究个体对过去、现在和未来时间框架的习惯性看法，即时间观念，在多大程度上可以解释老年人中自我报告的抑郁症状的差异。402 名参与者（60-90 岁）完成了《流行病学研究中心抑郁量表》（CES-D）和《瑞典津巴多时间观念量表》（S-ZTPI）。在层次回归分析中，人格特质（反映在气质和性格量表[TCI]中）和自我报告的负面生活事件（NLE）的影响被控制。S-ZTPI 的六个维度解释了 CES-D 分数中除年龄和性别之外的 24.5%的变异。当控制 TCI 因素和 NLE 时，仍有一半的变异可以解释。过去消极、未来消极和过去积极（反向关联）是显著的独特预测因素。观察到两个 S-ZTPI 维度与抑郁症状存在显著的年龄交互作用，未来消极与抑郁症状的关联减弱，而随着年龄的增长，现在宿命论与抑郁症状的关联增强。研究结果表明，时间观念的各个方面与老年的抑郁症状之间存在实质性的关系。它们还表明，随着年龄的增长，未来（未来消极）与现在（现在宿命论）之间的相对重要性发生了与年龄相关的转变。在年轻的老年时期，当未来更加“开放”时，对未来的担忧（未来消极）可能是更常见的困扰来源。在晚年衰老期，感知到的对自主性的威胁（例如身体和认知健康问题），反映在现在宿命论的高分上，可能对情绪状态有更大的影响。
