The Third People's Hospital of Zhongshan, Zhongshan, China.
School of Foreign Studies, Zhongshan Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan, China.
PeerJ. 2024 Oct 11;12:e18257. doi: 10.7717/peerj.18257. eCollection 2024.
Time perspective is strongly associated with depression. However, the characteristics and associations between trait and state time perspective in adolescents with depression remain unknown.
A total of 211 adolescents with depression (mean age: 14.60 ± 1.69 years) and 215 healthy controls (mean age: 14.66 ± 1.73 years) were selected and assessed using the Chinese version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory to quantify their trait time perspective. Thirty adolescents were randomly selected from each group to create nine-grid sandplay productions to assess their state time perspective.
(1) Regarding the trait time perspective, depressed adolescents scored significantly higher on past negative, present fatalistic, present impulsive, and deviation-balanced time perspective ( < 0.001) and significantly lower on past positive and future ( < 0.05) compared to the control group. (2) In terms of state time perspective, depressed adolescents showed a significantly higher number of squares related to past negative, present negative, and future negative in their nine-grid sandplay productions compared to the control group ( < 0.01).Conversely, they had significantly fewer squares associated with past positive, present positive, future positive than the control group ( < 0.05). (3) Past negative, present fatalistic, and deviation from balanced time perspective traits were negatively correlated with positive state time perspective and positively correlated with negative state time perspective. Past positive and future traits were positively correlated with positive state time perspective and negatively correlated with negative state time perspective.
Adolescents with depression are characterized by dwelling on the past, having a severely negative attitude toward the past, being pessimistic about the future, and having a tendency to blame fate or external forces for their problems. In the future, standardized methods for measuring state time perspective should be further explored, as well as the effectiveness of the nine-grid sandplay, for improving time perspective in patients with depression.
时间观与抑郁密切相关。然而，抑郁青少年的特质时间观和状态时间观的特征及其关联尚不清楚。
共纳入 211 例抑郁青少年（平均年龄：14.60±1.69 岁）和 215 例健康对照（平均年龄：14.66±1.73 岁），采用中文版 Zimbardo 时间观量表评估其特质时间观，其中每组随机抽取 30 例青少年制作九宫格沙画作品评估其状态时间观。
（1）特质时间观方面，抑郁组青少年的过去消极、现在宿命、现在冲动和离均差平衡时间观得分显著高于对照组（ < 0.001），过去积极和未来时间观得分显著低于对照组（ < 0.05）。（2）状态时间观方面，抑郁组青少年的九宫格沙画作品中与过去消极、现在消极和未来消极相关的方格数明显多于对照组（ < 0.01），而与过去积极、现在积极和未来积极相关的方格数明显少于对照组（ < 0.05）。（3）过去消极、现在宿命和离均差平衡时间观特质与积极状态时间观呈负相关，与消极状态时间观呈正相关；过去积极和未来时间观特质与积极状态时间观呈正相关，与消极状态时间观呈负相关。
抑郁青少年的特点是沉溺于过去，对过去持严重消极态度，对未来悲观，倾向于将问题归咎于命运或外部力量。未来应进一步探索标准化的状态时间观测量方法，以及九宫格沙画在改善抑郁患者时间观方面的有效性。
