Nagashima Kei, Tokizawa Ken, Marui Shuri
Body Temperature and Fluid Laboratory, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan.
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Tokyo, Japan.
Handb Clin Neurol. 2018;156:249-260. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63912-7.00015-1.
The processes of thermoregulation are roughly divided into two categories: autonomic and behavioral. Behavioral thermoregulation alone does not have the capacity to regulate core temperature, as autonomic thermoregulation. However, behavioral thermoregulation is often utilized to maintain core temperature in a normal environment and is critical for surviving extreme environments. Thermal comfort, i.e., the hedonic component of thermal perception, is believed to be important for initiating and/or activating behavioral thermoregulation. However, the mechanisms involved are not fully understood. Thermal comfort is usually obtained when thermal stimuli to the skin restore core temperature to a regulated level. Conversely, thermal discomfort is produced when thermal stimuli result in deviations of core temperature away from a regulated level. Regional differences in the thermal sensitivity of the skin, hypohydration, and adaptation of the skin may affect thermal perception. Thermal comfort and discomfort seem to be determined by brain mechanisms, not by peripheral mechanisms such as thermal sensing by the skin. The insular and cingulate cortices may play a role in assessing thermal comfort and discomfort. In addition, brain sites involved in decision making may trigger behavioral responses to environmental changes.
自主调节和行为调节。仅行为性体温调节并不具备像自主体温调节那样调节核心体温的能力。然而，行为性体温调节常用于在正常环境中维持核心体温，对于在极端环境中生存至关重要。热舒适，即热感觉的享乐成分，被认为对启动和/或激活行为性体温调节很重要。然而，其中涉及的机制尚未完全了解。当皮肤受到的热刺激将核心体温恢复到调节水平时，通常会获得热舒适。相反，当热刺激导致核心体温偏离调节水平时，就会产生热不适。皮肤热敏感性的区域差异、脱水和皮肤适应性可能会影响热感觉。热舒适和不适似乎是由大脑机制决定的，而不是由诸如皮肤热传感等外周机制决定的。岛叶和扣带回皮质可能在评估热舒适和不适方面发挥作用。此外，参与决策的脑区可能会触发对环境变化的行为反应。
