Department of Nanomedicines and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
Chem Soc Rev. 2019 Jan 2;48(1):351-381. doi: 10.1039/c8cs00473k.
Immunotherapy is revolutionizing the treatment of cancer. It can achieve unprecedented responses in advanced-stage patients, including complete cures and long-term survival. However, immunotherapy also has limitations, such as its relatively low response rates and the development of severe side effects. These drawbacks are gradually being overcome by improving our understanding of the immune system, as well as by establishing combination regimens in which immunotherapy is combined with other treatment modalities. In addition to this, in recent years, progress made in chemistry, nanotechnology and materials science has started to impact immuno-oncology, resulting in more effective and less toxic immunotherapy interventions. In this context, multiple different nanomedicine formulations and macroscale materials have been shown to be able to boost anti-cancer immunity and the efficacy of immunomodulatory drugs. We here review nanotechnological and materials chemistry efforts related to endogenous and exogenous vaccination, to the engineering of antigen-presenting cells and T cells, and to the modulation of the tumor microenvironment. We also discuss limitations, current trends and future directions. Together, the insights provided and the evidence obtained indicate that there is a bright future ahead for engineering nanomedicines and macroscale materials for immuno-oncology applications.
免疫疗法正在彻底改变癌症的治疗方式。它可以为晚期患者带来前所未有的疗效，包括完全治愈和长期生存。然而，免疫疗法也有其局限性，例如相对较低的反应率和严重副作用的发生。通过加深对免疫系统的了解，并将免疫疗法与其他治疗方法联合使用，这些缺陷正在逐渐得到克服。此外，近年来，化学、纳米技术和材料科学领域的进展开始对免疫肿瘤学产生影响，导致更有效、毒性更小的免疫治疗干预措施。在此背景下，多种不同的纳米药物制剂和宏观材料已被证明能够增强抗癌免疫和免疫调节药物的疗效。在这里，我们综述了与内源性和外源性疫苗接种、抗原呈递细胞和 T 细胞工程以及肿瘤微环境调节相关的纳米技术和材料化学方面的研究进展。我们还讨论了这些研究的局限性、当前的趋势和未来的方向。综上所述，提供的见解和获得的证据表明，为免疫肿瘤学应用工程化纳米药物和宏观材料的未来充满光明。
