Personalized cancer vaccines from bacteria-derived outer membrane vesicles with antibody-mediated persistent uptake by dendritic cells.

Nanocarriers with intrinsic immune adjuvant properties can activate the innate immune system while delivering tumor antigen, thus efficiently facilitating antitumor adaptive immunity. Bacteria-derived outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are an excellent candidate due to their abundance of pathogen associated molecular patterns. However, during the uptake of OMVs by dendritic cells (DCs), the interaction between lipopolysaccharide and toll-like receptor 4 induces rapid DC maturation and uptake blockage, a phenomenon we refer to as "maturation-induced uptake obstruction" (MUO). Herein we decorated OMV with the DC-targeting αDEC205 antibody (OMV-DEC), which endowed the nanovaccine with an uptake mechanism termed as "not restricted to maturation via antibody modifying" (Normandy), thereby overcoming the MUO phenomenon. We also proved the applicability of this nanovaccine in identifying the human tumor neoantigens through rapid antigen display. In summary, this engineered OMV represents a powerful nanocarrier for personalized cancer vaccines, and this antibody modification strategy provides a reference to remodel the DC uptake pattern in nanocarrier design.