Department of Ingeniería de Comunicaciones, University of Malaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain.
Sensors (Basel). 2018 Nov 28;18(12):4178. doi: 10.3390/s18124178.
An underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) is an emerging technology for environmental monitoring and surveillance. One of the side effects of the low propagation speed of acoustic waves is that routing protocols of terrestrial wireless networks are not applicable. To address this problem, routing strategies focused on different aspects have been proposed: location free, location based, opportunistic, cluster based, energy efficient, etc. These mechanisms usually require measuring additional parameters, such as the angle of arrival of the signal or the depth of the node, which makes them less efficient in terms of energy conservation. In this paper, we propose a cross-layer proactive routing initialization mechanism that does not require additional measurements and, at the same time, is energy efficient. The algorithm is designed to recreate a radial topology with a gateway node, such that packets always use the shortest possible path from source to sink, thus minimizing consumed energy. Collisions are avoided as much as possible during the path initialization. The algorithm is suitable for 2D or 3D areas, and automatically adapts to a varying number of nodes, allowing one to expand or decrease the networked volume easily.
水下无线传感器网络（UWSN）是一种用于环境监测和监控的新兴技术。声波传播速度低的一个副作用是，地面无线网络的路由协议不适用。为了解决这个问题，已经提出了专注于不同方面的路由策略：无位置、基于位置、机会主义、基于簇、节能等。这些机制通常需要测量附加参数，例如信号的到达角或节点的深度，这使得它们在节能方面效率较低。在本文中，我们提出了一种跨层主动路由初始化机制，该机制不需要额外的测量，同时具有节能性。该算法旨在使用网关节点重新创建一个辐射拓扑，使得数据包始终使用从源到汇的最短路径，从而最小化消耗的能量。在路径初始化过程中尽量避免碰撞。该算法适用于 2D 或 3D 区域，并自动适应变化的节点数量，允许轻松扩展或减小网络体积。
