Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle, and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2019 Jul;72(Suppl 1):60-70. doi: 10.1038/s41430-018-0310-z.
Knowledge in the role of plant-based diets on health had been shaped in part by cohort studies on vegetarians. We revisited publications from two ongoing longitudinal studies comprising large proportions of vegetarians-the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2) and the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Oxford (EPIC-Oxford)-to describe the food and nutrient intake, health effects, and environmental sustainability outcomes of the dietary patterns identified in these studies. The vegetarian diet groups in both cohorts have essentially no meat intake, lower intake of fish and coffee, and higher intakes of vegetables and fruits compared to their non-vegetarian counterparts. In the AHS-2 cohort, vegetarians have higher intake of whole grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds. Vegans in AHS-2 have 16% reduced risk while vegans, vegetarians, and fish-eaters in EPIC-Oxford have 11-19% lower risk for all cancers compared to non-vegetarians. Pesco-vegetarians in the AHS-2 cohort had significantly lower mortality risk from all causes and ischemic heart disease while EPIC-Oxford fish-eaters had significantly lower all-cancers mortality risk than their non-vegetarians counterparts. Morbidity risks and prevalence rates for other chronic diseases were differentially reported in the two cohorts but vegetarians have lower risk than non-vegetarians. Greenhouse gas emissions of equicaloric diets are 29% less in vegetarian diet in AHS-2 and 47-60% less for vegetarian/vegan diets in EPIC-Oxford than non-vegetarian/meat-eating diets. The beneficial health outcomes and reduced carbon footprints make the case for adoption of vegetarian diets to address global food supply and environmental sustainability.
关于植物性饮食对健康的影响的知识，部分是由对素食者的队列研究形成的。我们重新审视了两项正在进行的、包含大量素食者的纵向研究的出版物—— Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2) 和 European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Oxford (EPIC-Oxford)，以描述这些研究中确定的饮食模式的食物和营养素摄入、健康影响和环境可持续性结果。两个队列中的素食者组基本上不摄入肉类，摄入的鱼类和咖啡较少，而蔬菜和水果的摄入量较高。与非素食者相比，AHS-2 队列中的素食者全谷物、豆类、坚果和种子的摄入量较高。AHS-2 中的纯素食者患所有癌症的风险降低了 16%，而 AHS-2 中的纯素食者、素食者和食鱼者以及 EPIC-Oxford 中的非素食者患所有癌症的风险降低了 11-19%。AHS-2 队列中的杂食素食者全因和缺血性心脏病死亡率显著降低，而 EPIC-Oxford 中的食鱼者全因癌症死亡率显著低于非素食者。两个队列中其他慢性疾病的发病率和流行率差异报告，但素食者的风险低于非素食者。AHS-2 中的素食者与非素食者相比，等热量饮食的温室气体排放量减少了 29%，而 EPIC-Oxford 中的素食者/纯素食者与非素食者/肉食者相比，温室气体排放量减少了 47-60%。有益的健康结果和减少的碳足迹为采用素食饮食来解决全球粮食供应和环境可持续性问题提供了依据。
