Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2019 Sep;191(1):27-33. doi: 10.1007/s12011-018-1590-9. Epub 2018 Dec 7.
Acute and chronic exposure to cadmium can cause numerous health effects including poisoning, as well as, bone, liver, and kidney diseases. Cadmium competes with iron absorption in blood and can induce anemia. Cadmium body burden can be measured through urine and blood samples. Urine reflects chronic and blood indicates recent and cumulative exposures to cadmium. Dietary is considered as the main source of exposure to cadmium in non-smoking general population. The study was conducted to determine cadmium level in blood, urine, and in diet of 120 non-smoking adults in Tehran. Dietary components and consumption pattern of participants estimated by a food frequency questionnaire. Next, the correlation investigated between them. Moreover, serum ferritin measured as a marker of iron storage in blood to determine its association with cadmium. The prediction of cadmium fate in the body is determined by toxicokinetic models. This study tried to evaluate one of these models' validity which is developed to predict urinary cadmium from dietary. Afterwards, the predicted urinary compared with the measured urinary cadmium. The correlation coefficient between dietary and blood cadmium equaled 0.66 which was statically significant, but the correlation between dietary and urinary cadmium was minimal and not statically significant (p > 0.05). An inverse and negative correlation was found between serum ferritin and blood cadmium. The mean predicted urinary cadmium calculated by the model was 2.5-fold higher than the measured value in the total population. Results of the present study revealed that blood cadmium reflected mainly acute exposure. There was no correlation between chronic and acute exposures to cadmium. The low serum ferritin level increased cadmium amount in blood. Moreover, the mean predicted urinary cadmium by the model was greater than the measured value. It can because of characteristics of populations and type of dietary exposure. Thus, it is suggested that the model coefficients are determined in each society based on their characteristics.
急性和慢性接触镉可导致多种健康影响，包括中毒，以及骨骼、肝脏和肾脏疾病。镉在血液中与铁的吸收竞争，并可导致贫血。镉的体内负荷可以通过尿液和血液样本来测量。尿液反映慢性暴露，而血液则反映近期和累积暴露于镉的情况。饮食被认为是非吸烟人群接触镉的主要来源。本研究旨在确定 120 名非吸烟成年人在德黑兰的血液、尿液和饮食中的镉水平。通过食物频率问卷来评估参与者的饮食成分和消费模式。然后，研究了它们之间的相关性。此外，还测量了血清铁蛋白作为血液中铁储存的标志物，以确定其与镉的关系。毒代动力学模型用于预测镉在体内的命运。本研究试图评估其中一个模型的有效性，该模型是为预测膳食中的尿镉而开发的。然后，将预测的尿镉与测量的尿镉进行比较。膳食与血镉之间的相关系数为 0.66，具有统计学意义，但膳食与尿镉之间的相关性最小，且无统计学意义（p>0.05）。血清铁蛋白与血镉呈负相关。模型计算的总人群平均预测尿镉值比实测值高 2.5 倍。本研究结果表明，血镉主要反映急性暴露。慢性和急性接触镉之间没有相关性。低血清铁蛋白水平增加了血液中的镉含量。此外，模型预测的尿镉平均值高于实测值。这可能是由于人群特征和饮食暴露类型的不同。因此，建议根据其特征在每个社会中确定模型系数。
