Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India,
Int J Nanomedicine. 2018 Nov 23;13:7959-7970. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S165876. eCollection 2018.
The application of natural carbohydrate polysaccharides for antigen delivery and its adjuvanation potential has garnered interest in the scientific community in the recent years. These biomaterials are considered favorable candidates for adjuvant development due to their desirable properties like enormous bioavailability, non-toxicity, biodegradability, stability, affordability, and immunostimulating ability. Chitosan is the one such extensively studied natural polymer which has been appreciated for its excellent applications in pharmaceuticals. Trimethyl chitosan (TMC), a derivative of chitosan, possesses these properties. In addition it has the properties of high aqueous solubility, high charge density, mucoadhesive, permeation enhancing (ability to cross tight junction), and stability over a range of ionic conditions which makes the spectrum of its applicability much broader. It has also been seen to perform analogously to alum, complete Freund's adjuvant, incomplete Freund's adjuvant, and cyclic guanosine monophosphate adjuvanation, which justifies its role as a potent adjuvant. Although many review articles detailing the applications of chitosan in vaccine delivery are available, a comprehensive review of the applications of TMC as an adjuvant is not available to date. This article provides a comprehensive overview of structural and chemical properties of TMC which affect its adjuvant characteristics; the efficacy of various delivery routes for TMC antigen combination; and the recent advances in the elucidation of its mechanism of action.
近年来，天然碳水化合物多糖作为抗原传递物及其佐剂潜力的应用引起了科学界的兴趣。这些生物材料由于其巨大的生物利用度、非毒性、可生物降解性、稳定性、可负担性和免疫刺激能力等理想特性，被认为是佐剂开发的理想候选物。壳聚糖是一种经过广泛研究的天然聚合物，因其在药物方面的优异应用而受到赞赏。三甲基壳聚糖（TMC）是壳聚糖的衍生物，具有这些特性。此外，它还具有高水溶性、高电荷密度、黏膜黏附性、渗透增强（能够穿过紧密连接）以及在一系列离子条件下的稳定性等特性，这使得它的应用范围更加广泛。它还被证明与明矾、完全弗氏佐剂、不完全弗氏佐剂和环鸟苷单磷酸佐剂的作用类似，这证明了它作为一种有效的佐剂的作用。虽然有许多详细介绍壳聚糖在疫苗传递中的应用的综述文章，但迄今为止，还没有关于 TMC 作为佐剂的应用的全面综述。本文全面概述了影响 TMC 佐剂特性的结构和化学性质；TMC 抗原结合物的各种传递途径的功效；以及阐明其作用机制的最新进展。
