Advanced applications of nanotechnology in veterinary medicine.

The invention of new techniques to manipulate materials at their nanoscale had an evolutionary effect on various medical sciences. At the time, there are thousands of nanomaterials which can be divided according to their shape, origin, or their application. The nanotechnology provided new solutions for old problems. In medical sciences, they are used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. They can also be applied in the preparation of nanovaccines and nanoadjuvants. Their use in the treatment of cancer and in gene therapy opened the door for a new era in medicine. Recently, various applications of nanotechnology started to find their way in the veterinary sector. They increasingly invade animal therapeutics, diagnostics, production of veterinary vaccines, farm disinfectants, for animal breeding and reproduction, and even the field of animal nutrition. Their replacement of commonly used antibiotics directly reflects on the public health. By so doing, they minimize the problem of drug resistance in both human and veterinary medicine, and the problem of drug residues in milk and meat. In addition, they have a great economic impact, by minimizing the amounts of discarded milk and the number of culled calves in dairy herds. Nanotechnology was also applied to develop pet care products and hygienic articles. The present review discusses the advantage of using nanomaterials compared to their counterparts, the various classes of nanoparticles, and illustrates the applications and the role of nanotechnology in the field of veterinary medicine.