Mustafa Sahar, Abbas Rao Zahid, Saeed Zohaib, Baazaoui Narjes, Khan Arslan Muhammad Ali
Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2024 Oct 2. doi: 10.1007/s12011-024-04399-8.
Coccidiosis is a protozoan disease caused by Eimeria species and is a major threat to the poultry industry. Different anti-coccidial drugs (diclazuril, amprolium, halofuginone, ionophores, sulphaquinoxaline, clopidol, and ethopabate) and vaccines have been used for their control. Still, due to the development of resistance, their efficacy has been limited. It is continuously damaging the economy of the poultry industry because under its control, almost $14 billion is spent, globally. Recent research has been introducing better and more effective control of coccidiosis by using metallic and metallic oxide nanoparticles. Zinc, zinc oxide, copper, copper oxide, silver, iron, and iron oxide are commonly used because of their drug delivery mechanism. These nanoparticles combined with other drugs enhance the effect of these drugs and give their better results. Moreover, by using nanotechnology, the resistance issue is also solved because by using several mechanisms at a time, protozoa cannot evolve and thus resistance cannot develop. Green nanotechnology has been giving better results due to its less toxic effects. Utilization of metallic and metallic oxide nanoparticles may present a new, profitable, and economical method of controlling chicken coccidiosis, thus by changing established treatment approaches and improving the health and production of chickens. Thus, the objective of this review is to discuss about economic burden of avian coccidiosis, zinc, zinc oxide, iron, iron oxide, copper, copper oxide, silver nanoparticles use in the treatment of coccidiosis, their benefits, and toxicity.
球虫病是由艾美耳属原虫引起的一种疾病，对家禽业构成重大威胁。人们已使用不同的抗球虫药物（地克珠利、氨丙啉、常山酮、离子载体、磺胺喹恶啉、氯羟吡啶和乙氧酰胺苯甲酯）和疫苗来控制该病。然而，由于耐药性的产生，它们的疗效受到了限制。它持续损害着家禽业的经济，因为在其防控方面，全球每年花费近140亿美元。最近的研究一直在通过使用金属和金属氧化物纳米颗粒引入更好、更有效的球虫病防控方法。锌、氧化锌、铜、氧化铜、银、铁和氧化铁因其药物递送机制而常用。这些纳米颗粒与其他药物结合可增强这些药物的效果并产生更好的结果。此外，通过使用纳米技术，耐药性问题也得到了解决，因为通过同时使用多种机制，原虫无法进化，因此不会产生耐药性。绿色纳米技术因其毒性较小而产生了更好的效果。利用金属和金属氧化物纳米颗粒可能会提供一种控制鸡球虫病的新的、有利可图且经济的方法，从而改变既定的治疗方法并改善鸡的健康和生产性能。因此，本综述的目的是讨论禽球虫病的经济负担、锌、氧化锌、铁、氧化铁、铜、氧化铜、银纳米颗粒在球虫病治疗中的应用、它们的益处和毒性。
