Newberne P M, Conner M W, Estes P
Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts.
Toxicol Pathol. 1988;16(2):184-97. doi: 10.1177/019262338801600211.
Food additives, drugs, and other chemicals are known to influence the lower gastrointestinal tract under some defined conditions, resulting in morphological alterations in the mucosa and other tissues, deranged absorption and excretion of nutrients, and, in some cases, injury to other organs and tissues as a secondary phenomenon. Generally, in rats, hamsters, and dogs, there is increased absorption and urinary excretion of calcium, soft stools or diarrhea, and cecal enlargement. In the rat, hamster, and dog, renal lesions accompany the hypercalcemia and elevated excretion of calcium. These signs, symptoms, and lesions are typical of exposure to sugar alcohols (sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, lactitol), lactose and caramel, some of the chemically modified food starches, and synthetic polydextrose. Soft stools and diarrhea, as well as cecal enlargement and variable hyperplasia of the colon mucosa, occur frequently when substances are absorbed incompletely in the small intestine and subjected to microbial metabolism in the cecum and colon. The remarkable cecal enlargement, mucosal hyperplasia and, when present, colonic mucosal hyperplasia are reversible, even when long-standing. Renal lesions are reversible only if exposure is of short duration, before significant mineralization and scarring has occurred. Morphological and functional anomalies associated with some of these substances are described and illustrated.
已知食品添加剂、药物及其他化学物质在某些特定条件下会影响下消化道，导致黏膜及其他组织出现形态学改变，营养物质的吸收和排泄紊乱，在某些情况下还会作为继发现象对其他器官和组织造成损伤。一般来说，在大鼠、仓鼠和犬类中，会出现钙吸收增加和尿钙排泄增加、软便或腹泻以及盲肠肿大的情况。在大鼠、仓鼠和犬类中，肾脏病变伴随着高钙血症和钙排泄增加。这些体征、症状和病变是接触糖醇（山梨醇、甘露醇、木糖醇、乳糖醇）、乳糖和焦糖、一些化学改性的食用淀粉以及合成聚葡萄糖的典型表现。当物质在小肠中吸收不完全并在盲肠和结肠中进行微生物代谢时，常出现软便和腹泻，以及盲肠肿大和结肠黏膜不同程度的增生。显著的盲肠肿大、黏膜增生以及（若存在）结肠黏膜增生即使持续时间较长也是可逆的。只有在接触时间较短、尚未发生明显矿化和瘢痕形成之前，肾脏病变才是可逆的。文中描述并说明了与其中一些物质相关的形态学和功能异常情况。
