School of Scientific Research, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018 Dec 5;15(12):2752. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15122752.
In this study, the concentration of eight dissolved heavy metals (Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Mo, Sb, and Ba) in 42 water samples from the Jiulongjiang River, southeast China, were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Multivariate statistical methods, including correlation analysis (CA) and factor and principal component analysis (FA/PCA), were analyzed to identify the sources of the elements. Water quality index (WQI) and health risk assessment, including hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI), were used to evaluate water quality and the impacts on human health. Our results were compared with the drinking water guidelines reported by China, the World Health Organization (WHO), and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), revealing that Ti, Mn, and Sb were not within approved limits at some sites and might be the main pollutants in the drainage basin. Based on the spatial distributions, Ti, Mn, Fe, Ni, and Mo showed good similarity, indicating that they might come from similar sources along the river. The CA results also showed that Ti, Mn, Fe, Ni, and Mo had a high correlation coefficient. The FA/PCA results identified three principal components (PC) that accounted for 79.46% of the total variance. PC 1 suggested that a mixed lithogenic and urban land source contributed to Ti, Mn, Fe, Ni, and Mo; PC 2 showed that Cr, Ni, and Mo were influenced by the discharge of industrial effluents; Sb had a strong loading on PC 3, which was controlled by mining activities. The results of the WQI indicated that the water in the Jiulongjiang River was basically categorized as excellent water, but the water quality levels in site W5 and N4 were poorer due to urban land use. Hazard quotient and HI values showed that Sb was a potential threat to human health, indicating that preventive actions should be considered in regard to mining activities in the upper reaches of Beixi stream.
本研究采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）测定了中国东南地区九龙江 42 个水样中八种溶解重金属（Ti、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Mo、Sb 和 Ba）的浓度。采用相关性分析（CA）、因子和主成分分析（FA/PCA）等多元统计方法，识别元素来源。采用水质指数（WQI）和健康风险评估，包括危害商数（HQ）和危害指数（HI），评估水质及对人体健康的影响。并将结果与中国、世界卫生组织（WHO）和美国环境保护署（US EPA）的饮用水标准进行比较，结果表明部分站点 Ti、Mn 和 Sb 超标，可能是流域主要污染物。根据空间分布，Ti、Mn、Fe、Ni 和 Mo 具有很好的相似性，表明它们可能来自沿河流相似的污染源。CA 结果也表明 Ti、Mn、Fe、Ni 和 Mo 具有较高的相关系数。FA/PCA 结果识别出三个主成分（PC），占总方差的 79.46%。PC1 表明混合岩石成因和城市土地源导致 Ti、Mn、Fe、Ni 和 Mo 的富集；PC2 表明 Cr、Ni 和 Mo 受工业废水排放影响；Sb 在 PC3 上具有较强的负载，受采矿业控制。WQI 结果表明，九龙江水基本属于优质水，但由于城市土地利用，W5 和 N4 站点水质较差。危害商数和 HI 值表明 Sb 对人体健康构成潜在威胁，表明应考虑采取预防措施，减少北溪上游的采矿活动。
