Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran.
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 5619911367, Iran.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 May 13;18(10):5179. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18105179.
In recent years, in addition to water resources' quantity, their quality has also received much attention. In this study, the quality of the urban water distribution network in northwestern Iran was evaluated using the water quality index (WQI) method. Then, some important trace elements were investigated, and finally, the health risk assessment was evaluated for both carcinogenic elements (Ni, Cd, Cr, Pb, and As) and non-carcinogenic elements (Ca, Mg, Na, K, F, NO, and Cu) using carcinogenic risk (CR) and hazard quotient (HQ), respectively. In the present study, the WQI was calculated based on both World Health Organization (WHO) and Iranian drinking water standards. Comparing the results of these standards revealed that the WQI based on the Iranian standard was slightly higher. Regarding the calculated WQI for the study region, the status of water quality for drinking consumption is in the good water quality class (25 < WQI < 50). It was observed that Cu and Cd have the highest and lowest concentrations in all sampling points, respectively. Hazard Index (HI) results showed that the non-carcinogenic substances studied had a low risk for both adults and children (<1.0). However, the CR results showed that Ni, Cd, and As were above the desired level for both children and adults. The results of this study can be applied for efficient water management and human health protection programs in the study area.
近年来，水资源的质量除了受到关注外，其数量也受到了广泛关注。在本研究中，采用水质指数（WQI）法评估了伊朗西北部城市供水管网的水质。然后，对一些重要的微量元素进行了调查，最后，分别使用致癌风险（CR）和危害系数（HQ）对致癌元素（Ni、Cd、Cr、Pb 和 As）和非致癌元素（Ca、Mg、Na、K、F、NO 和 Cu）进行了健康风险评估。在本研究中，WQI 是根据世界卫生组织（WHO）和伊朗饮用水标准计算得出的。比较这些标准的结果表明，基于伊朗标准的 WQI 略高。关于研究区域计算出的 WQI，饮用水消费的水质状况处于良好水质类别（25<WQI<50）。结果表明，在所有采样点中，Cu 和 Cd 的浓度最高和最低。危害指数（HI）的结果表明，对于成年人和儿童，研究的非致癌物质的风险都较低（<1.0）。然而，CR 的结果表明，Ni、Cd 和 As 对儿童和成人的水平都超过了理想水平。本研究的结果可应用于研究区域的高效水资源管理和人类健康保护计划。
