Rundall T G, Bruvold W H
Department of Social and Administrative Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkely 94720.
Health Educ Q. 1988 Fall;15(3):317-34. doi: 10.1177/109019818801500306.
Tobacco and alcohol use among adolescents continue at historically high rates, and school-based interventions designed to deter students from smoking and drinking are increasingly being implemented. This study reports a meta-analysis of 47 smoking and 29 alcohol school-based intervention programs published after 1970. Results indicate that, in general, smoking and alcohol interventions have equally modest effects on immediate behavioral outcomes. Smoking interventions, however, have been more successful than alcohol interventions at altering students' long term behavior. All of the alcohol programs and all but one of the smoking programs reviewed successfully increased knowledge regarding the risks of these behaviors. Attitude change appears to be more difficult to achieve. Twenty-nine of 33 smoking studies and only 19 of 31 alcohol studies successfully changed students' attitudes. Finally, the data indicate that for immediate smoking outcomes and long-term alcohol outcomes innovative interventions relying upon social reinforcement, social norms, and developmental behavioral models are more effective than traditional "awareness" programs designed to inform adolescents about the health risks associated with tobacco and alcohol use. The implications of these findings for future of school-based health promotion programs are discussed.
青少年吸烟和饮酒的比例持续处于历史高位，旨在阻止学生吸烟和饮酒的校内干预措施越来越多地得到实施。本研究报告了对1970年后发表的47项吸烟和29项酒精校内干预项目的荟萃分析。结果表明，总体而言，吸烟和酒精干预对即时行为结果的影响同样不大。然而，在改变学生长期行为方面，吸烟干预比酒精干预更成功。所有审查的酒精项目以及除一项吸烟项目外的所有吸烟项目都成功增加了对这些行为风险的认识。态度改变似乎更难实现。33项吸烟研究中的29项以及31项酒精研究中只有19项成功改变了学生的态度。最后，数据表明，对于即时吸烟结果和长期酒精结果，依靠社会强化、社会规范和发展行为模型的创新干预措施比旨在告知青少年与吸烟和饮酒相关健康风险的传统“意识”项目更有效。讨论了这些发现对未来校内健康促进项目的意义。
