Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts.
J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019 Apr;67(4):759-767. doi: 10.1111/jgs.15729. Epub 2018 Dec 27.
The fraction of the population that reaches the age of 100 years is growing. At this age, dementia incidence is high and cognitive functioning is highly variable across individuals. Normative data for neuropsychological tests are lacking in centenarians, which hampers the ability to evaluate their cognitive functioning for both research and clinical practice. Here, we generated norms for neuropsychological tests in a sample of cognitively healthy centenarians while taking sensory impairments into account.
Cross-sectional cohort study.
Centenarians who participate in the prospective 100-plus Study.
A total of 235 centenarians (71.5% female), who self-reported to be cognitively healthy, which was confirmed by an informant and a trained researcher.
We generated normative data for 15 cognitive tests, measuring global cognition (Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE]), premorbid intelligence, attention, language, memory, executive function, and visuospatial function by multiple linear regressions and/or by reporting percentiles.
Normative data for global cognition resulted in a mean MMSE score of 25.6 ± 3.1 (range = 17-30; interquartile range = 24-28). Vision problems and fatigue often complicated the ability to complete tests, and these problems explained 41% and 22% of the missing test scores, respectively. In contrast, hearing problems (4%) and task incomprehension (6%) rarely complicated test performance. While educational level was associated with performance on the majority of the tests, sex and age were only weakly associated with test performance.
We generated normative data for 15 common neuropsychological tests in a large sample of cognitively healthy centenarians, while taking age-related sensory impairments into consideration. These normative data allow the detection of deficits across a wide range of cognitive domains. Our results suggest that, next to education level, vision ability and the level of fatigue should be taken into account when evaluating cognitive functioning in centenarians. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:759-767, 2019.
达到 100 岁年龄的人口比例正在增长。在这个年龄段，痴呆症的发病率很高，个体之间的认知功能差异很大。百岁老人缺乏神经心理学测试的常模数据，这妨碍了为研究和临床实践评估他们的认知功能的能力。在这里，我们在认知健康的百岁老人样本中生成了神经心理学测试的常模，同时考虑了感觉损伤。
横断面队列研究。
参加前瞻性 100 岁以上研究的百岁老人。
共有 235 名百岁老人（71.5%为女性），他们自我报告认知健康，这由知情人和经过培训的研究人员确认。
我们通过多元线性回归和/或报告百分位数，为 15 项认知测试生成了常模数据，这些测试用于测量整体认知（简易精神状态检查[MMSE]）、先前的智力、注意力、语言、记忆、执行功能和视空间功能。
整体认知的常模数据得出 MMSE 平均得分为 25.6±3.1（范围为 17-30；四分位距为 24-28）。视力问题和疲劳常常使完成测试的能力变得复杂，这些问题分别解释了 41%和 22%的缺失测试分数。相比之下，听力问题（4%）和任务理解困难（6%）很少使测试表现复杂化。虽然教育水平与大多数测试的表现相关，但性别和年龄与测试表现的相关性较弱。
我们在一个认知健康的大型百岁老人样本中生成了 15 项常见神经心理学测试的常模数据，同时考虑了与年龄相关的感觉损伤。这些常模数据允许在广泛的认知领域检测到缺陷。我们的研究结果表明，除了教育水平之外，评估百岁老人的认知功能时还应考虑视力能力和疲劳程度。美国老年学会杂志 67:759-767,2019。
