School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China.
Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Science Research Center, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK 73019, United States.
Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2019 May;145:40-56. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.12.013. Epub 2018 Dec 27.
Bacteriophages, or more colloquially as phages, are viruses that possess the ability to infect and replicate with bacterial cells. They are assembled from two major types of biomolecules, the nucleic acids and the proteins, with the latter forming a capsid and the former being encapsulated. In the eukaryotic hosts, phages are inert particulate antigens and cannot trigger pathogenesis. In recent years, many studies have been explored about using phages as nanomedicine platforms for developing vaccines due to their unique biological characteristics. The whole phage particles can be used for vaccine design in the form of phage-displayed vaccines or phage DNA vaccines. Phage-displayed vaccines are the phages with peptide or protein antigens genetically displayed on their surfaces as well as those with antigens chemically conjugated or biologically bound on their surfaces. The phages can then deliver the immunogenic peptides or proteins to the target cells or tissues. Phage DNA vaccines are the eukaryotic promoter-driven vaccine genes inserted in the phage genomes, which are carried by phages to the target cells to generate antigens. The antigens, either as the immunogenic peptides or proteins displayed on the phages, or as the products expressed from the vaccine genes, can serve as vaccines to elicit immune responses for disease prevention and treatment. Both phage-displayed vaccines and phage DNA vaccines promise a brilliant future for developing vaccines. This review presents the recent advancements in the field of phage-based vaccines and their applications in both the prevention and treatment of various diseases. It also discusses the challenges and perspectives in moving this field forwards.
噬菌体，或者更通俗地称为噬菌体，是一种能够感染和复制细菌细胞的病毒。它们由两种主要类型的生物分子组成，核酸和蛋白质，后者形成衣壳，前者被包裹。在真核宿主中，噬菌体是惰性的颗粒状抗原，不能引发发病机制。近年来，由于其独特的生物学特性，许多研究探索了将噬菌体作为纳米医学平台开发疫苗。完整的噬菌体颗粒可以以噬菌体展示疫苗或噬菌体 DNA 疫苗的形式用于疫苗设计。噬菌体展示疫苗是指将肽或蛋白抗原基因遗传展示在噬菌体表面的噬菌体，以及那些在表面化学偶联或生物结合抗原的噬菌体。然后，噬菌体可以将免疫原性肽或蛋白递送到靶细胞或组织。噬菌体 DNA 疫苗是指真核启动子驱动的疫苗基因插入噬菌体基因组中，噬菌体将这些疫苗基因带到靶细胞中产生抗原。这些抗原可以作为免疫原性肽或蛋白在噬菌体上展示，也可以作为疫苗基因表达的产物，用于预防和治疗疾病的免疫反应。噬菌体展示疫苗和噬菌体 DNA 疫苗都为开发疫苗带来了美好的未来。本文综述了基于噬菌体的疫苗领域的最新进展及其在预防和治疗各种疾病中的应用。还讨论了推动该领域前进的挑战和前景。
