Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital Juan Ramón Jiménez de Huelva, Ronda Exterior Norte, s/n, 21005, Huelva, Spain.
Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital, Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Madrid, Spain.
Clin Transl Oncol. 2019 Jan;21(1):106-113. doi: 10.1007/s12094-018-02016-4. Epub 2019 Jan 3.
Cancer is the leading social and healthcare problem of the twenty-first century. The aim of primary prevention is to decrease the incidence of cancer by avoiding the known causes and risk factors. Nevertheless, it has been estimated that cancer diagnoses could be halved through primary prevention measures. A comprehensive review of the scientific evidence regarding the main carcinogens and risk factors and primary prevention recommendations have been put forth based on this evidence. The GRADE scale has been used to classify the grade of evidence. We present the scientific evidence and recommendations for primary prevention of the major modifiable risk factors: smoking, alcohol, diet, obesity, physical activity, occupational and environmental factors, ultraviolet radiation, infections, and socioeconomic factors. Primary prevention is a simple, effective means to lower the incidence of cancer. Preventive measures must be circulated in the fight against cancer.
癌症是 21 世纪主要的社会和医疗保健问题。一级预防的目的是通过避免已知的病因和危险因素来降低癌症的发病率。尽管如此，据估计，通过一级预防措施，癌症的诊断可以减少一半。在此基础上，对主要致癌物和危险因素以及一级预防建议的科学证据进行了全面审查。使用 GRADE 量表对证据的等级进行了分类。我们提出了预防主要可改变危险因素的一级预防的科学证据和建议：吸烟、饮酒、饮食、肥胖、身体活动、职业和环境因素、紫外线辐射、感染和社会经济因素。一级预防是降低癌症发病率的一种简单而有效的方法。预防措施必须在抗癌斗争中传播。
