Memoli Gianluca, Hamilton-Fletcher Giles, Mitchell Steve
School of Engineering and Informatics, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.
Environmental Resources Management, London, United Kingdom.
Front Psychol. 2018 Dec 18;9:2492. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02492. eCollection 2018.
It is accepted knowledge that, for a given equivalent sound pressure level, sounds produced by planes are worse received from local communities than other sources related to transportation. Very little is known on the reasons for this special status, including any interactions that non-acoustical factors may have in listener assessments. Here we focus on one of such factors, the multisensory aspect of aircraft events. We propose a method to assess the visual impact of perceived aircraft height and size, beyond the objective increase in sound pressure level for a plane flying lower than another. We utilize a soundscape approach, based on acoustical indicators (dBs, , background sound pressure level) and social surveys: a combination of postal questionnaires (related to long-term exposure) and field interviews (related to the contextual perception), complementing well-established questions with others designed to capture new multisensory relationships. For the first time, we report how the perceived visual height of airplanes can be established using a combination of visual size, airplane size, reading distance, and airplane distance. Visual and acoustic assessments are complemented and contextualized by additional questions probing the subjective, objective, and descriptive assessments made by observers as well as how changes in airplane height over time may have influenced these perceptions. The flexibility of the proposed method allows a comparison of how participant reporting can vary across live viewing and memory recall conditions, allowing an examination of listeners' acoustic memory and expectations. The compresence of different assessment methods allows a comparison between the "objective" and the "perceptual" sphere and helps underscore the multisensory nature of observers' perceptual and emotive evaluations. In this study, we discuss pro and cons of our method, as assessed during a community survey conducted in the summer 2017 around Gatwick airport, and compare the different assessments of the community perception.
人们普遍认为，在给定的等效声压级下，飞机产生的声音在当地社区中比与交通相关的其他声源更难被接受。对于这种特殊地位的原因，包括非声学因素在听众评估中可能产生的任何相互作用，人们知之甚少。在这里，我们关注其中一个因素，即飞机事件的多感官方面。我们提出了一种方法，以评估感知到的飞机高度和大小的视觉影响，而不仅仅是低于另一架飞机飞行的飞机声压级的客观增加。我们采用基于声学指标（分贝、 、背景声压级）和社会调查的声景方法：邮寄问卷（与长期暴露有关）和现场访谈（与情境感知有关）相结合，用旨在捕捉新的多感官关系的其他问题补充既定问题。我们首次报告了如何使用视觉大小、飞机尺寸、阅读距离和飞机距离的组合来确定飞机的感知视觉高度。通过询问观察者进行的主观、客观和描述性评估以及飞机高度随时间的变化可能如何影响这些感知的其他问题，对视觉和声学评估进行补充和情境化。所提出方法的灵活性允许比较参与者报告在实时观看和记忆回忆条件下的差异，从而能够检查听众的声学记忆和期望。不同评估方法的同时存在允许在“客观”和“感知”领域之间进行比较，并有助于强调观察者感知和情感评估的多感官性质。在本研究中，我们讨论了在2017年夏季围绕盖特威克机场进行的社区调查中评估的我们方法的优缺点，并比较了社区感知的不同评估。
